ARABIA, ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF THE BIBLE. THE BIBLE CAME FROM ARABIA, HOMELAND OF ABRAHAM AND ISRAELITE PROPHETS.
KAMAL AL SALIBI FRENCH DR. NURDIN AL-MUSTAQIM (REVERT TO ISLAM)
Now you will understand why the western warmongers and destroyers of past and present civilisations systematically invade, bomb and destroy all lands that can and will prove their "history" wrong! One example: Iraq Neda' Al Surat- Kidnap of the Prophets
Geography Al- Hijaz, Homeland of Abraham and the Israeli prophets An Arab’s geographical map for Abraham's journey based on Arabia historical accounts T. Ahmed, Ammar Rajab Al-Tajdeed Cultural and Social Society Kingdom of Bahrain June 2006 WWW.Tajdeed.org Second edition- July 2006 Al- Hijaz, Homeland of Abraham and the Israeli
prophets
Note: This paper has been presented at the Second
World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies held at Amman- Jordon. It represents
an abstract of a comprehensive research work published by Al-Tajdeed Society in
an Arabic book of 550 pages, entitled "Neda' Al Surat- Kidnap of the Prophets
Geography". The book is readily available for downloading from the society's
website. Most of the Arabic originating references quoted in this paper are
currently unavailable in English; hence the relevant references are cited in the
original language only.
Abstract:
By the end
of the last century, new stunning hypothesis emerged amongst theologians and
historians advocating that the prevailing common understanding of the Israeli
prophets' geographical homelands and journey routes were radically erroneous.
The new hypothesis suggests that Asir province (situated in the southern part of
Al-Surat Mountains, stretching alongside the western coastal border of Arabia,
bounded between Yemen’s northern borders and the holy city of Makkah) was indeed
the actual geographical theater which accommodated most of the Israeli prophets’
birthplaces, revelations, preaching, and burials. Subsequent research work
narrowed down the prophets lands to Makkah county situated within the Hijaz and
Asir Surat Mountains. This holy city emerged as the real and the only homeland
of Abraham, Lot, Sara, Hagar and Ishmael as revealed in this paper. This whole
hypothesis stemmed from the inconceivable inconsistencies in the biblical
accounts of geographical landscapes traversed by the prophets, besides the lack
of any supporting archeological evidences to date either in Palestine, Syria,
Iraq or Egypt. Interestingly enough, all the researchers who have concluded that
south west Arabia was the actual homeland of the Israeli prophets have reached
their findings through different research and analysis methodologies. This
paper, however, seeks to address missing elements that are needed to complement
the ongoing research work in this field, namely:
None of the present research work conducted an
in-depth analytical study in the ancient Arabic historical literatures to
provide Arabic historical evidences confirming that the Israeli prophets
were actually Arabic people who reside in Arabia.
None of the researchers has explained when and
how the prophets' real whereabouts had been shifted from their real
geographical positions in Arabia towards the north and systematically
projected over another vast Arabian land stretching from the River Euphrates
in Iraq all the way to the River Nile in Egypt.
None of the researches so far has identified
the entity that created the prevailing illusions masking the real
whereabouts of the Arabic Israeli prophets, nor clarified what their motives
were.
In addition to addressing the above issues, this
paper concludes that Arabic historical literature do contains substantial
evidences indeed supporting the hypothesis in question. Moreover, it presents a
draft of a new geographical map illustrating Abraham’s journey based on ancient
Arabic accounts on these events, as an alternative to the controversial
widespread biblical geographical map printed on the back cover of contemporary
published bibles.
Introduction:
In his book
entitled "The Bible Came from Arabia" published in 1984, Kamal Al Salibi caused
a stir. He concluded that the events and narratives of the Old Testament
did not originate in Palestine as internationally accepted but rather in the
province of Asir, in the south-west of Arabia, precisely between Makkah and
Yemen. Al-Salibi was astonished at the number of biblical places' names found in
the Asir province. Unlike the blatant inconsistencies between the biblical
narratives and the supposedly corresponding places in Palestine, he found a more
coherent geographical correlation between the regions holding the same biblical
names in Asir and the distances traveled by the prophets, as narrated in the old
testaments tales. Despite adopting different research methodologies, the same
conclusion was reached by Dr. Ahmed Dawood who published his findings in 1991 in
a book entitled "The Arabs, the Samies, the Hebrews, the Israelis and the Jews".
Alongside many stunning revelations published in his book, Dr. Dawood presented
a blueprint of a tiny landscape in Asir south of Makkah, where he pinpointed the
actual whereabouts of the biblical Misr (referred to afterwards as Egypt) the
homeland of Moses and the Israeli tribe, and the nearby Yerushalayim - the
legendary Dawood temple. Furthermore, during 1994, Dr. Ziad Mouna also published
a book illustrating his findings as denoted in the title of his book “The Torah
Geography- Misr and the Israelis in Asir”. Overlooking fine details, these
eastern scholars along with many other contemporary western historians and
researchers have all came to agree on the conclusion that the Torah's
geographical emplacement is not south Syria, as commonly understood, but further
deep to the south in the Arabian Asiri mountains. However, this concurring
conclusion has left behind a trail of unresolved questions and consequential
discrepancies, such as why the written Islamic history is not only contradicts
this conclusion but also stresses its synergy with the common geographical
knowledge preached by the bible? What is the extent of political and religious
impact on the region if this theory ultimately gets substantiated and
internationally recognized? When and who shifted the biblical geographical
emplacement to the wrong location? What are the motives behind such an
international falsification? How did the perpetrators succeed in convincing
multinational generations to accept this false biblical geography? On the other
hand, this new paradigm shift helps in resolving many old and new mysteries,
such as why all archeological attempts to-date have failed to decisively
identify Moses’ Pharaoh from amongst the unearthed Egyptian kings? Why the
western nations, unlike Easterners, are still unaware of the simple fact that
Abraham had lived and resided most of his lifetime in Makkah and its nearby
surroundings? And why, for that matter, doesn't Abraham's journey exhibited in
western maps show any reference to Makkah? And how does all this relate to the
evolution of the prevailing Arab Israeli political and military conflict over
the same land?
This paper aims to focus on two prime questions
with the sole objective of qualifying or otherwise disqualifying the recent
theories shifting the biblical geography. The other questions listed above, as
well as many other related issues, have been thoroughly addressed in a book
written in Arabic, published and distributed by Al-Tajdeed Cultural and Social
Society situated at the Kingdom of Bahrain. The two main arguments of concern in
this paper are:
Assuming that the biblical geographical setting
has been shifted at some stage in history from it's original homeland in
Asir mountains to Palestine; an assumption contemplated recently by many
eastern and western theologians and historians, then the question arises as
to why doesn't the written Arab history reflect this presumed transgression
of their heritage? Or does it? Why have the Arabs remained silent before
such a historical sabotage since they were and still are the natives and
inhabitants of Arabia where Asir is situated?
The proposed shifting theory cannot be
substantiated unless the perpetrators are identified and their motives are
determined. So who are those who embarked in what looked more like a
"mission impossible" and worked hard on re-documenting significant
historical events to make them sound and appear as if they had occurred in
different places? And what were their motives?
Overview of the Actual Journey of the Patriarch
Abraham:
Following a
comprehensive research in the Arabic pre-Islamic historical narrations, and
through a bold critical analysis of many contradicting and incoherent
narratives, a new map showing the most likely route of Abraham’s journey is
emerging slowly. Unlike the popular vividly detailed map exhibited at the back
cover of the holy bible, the proposed map in this paper ismostly bound between
the start and end points of this journey, and requires more fill-in the gaps and
fine-tuning details which necessitate further research, field inspection and
possibly archeological exploration. What makes the proposed map credible, unique
and of value for future study and research is that it is built from many
fragmented narratives of the Arabic pre-Islamic documented history as narrated
by ancient Arabic historians. It resolves inherent inconsistencies between the
followers of the three most recent religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam)
and relieves them from the persisting dilemma of "sacred" narratives that
contradict reality in terms of time and place. Most importantly, the new map is
entirely consistent with the teachings of the Holy Quran and the core of the
Syriac Torah.
Photo 1: Aerial picture of the Red sea and
the Hijaz region at the west border of (Israel Occupied) Arabia, illustrating
Abraham’s Journey route between Horan and Makkah.
As illustrated in the satellite photo 1, the
proposed map for Abraham's journey suggests that his trajectory commenced at
Horan valley, which is located at about 300 km south of the holy city of Makkah.
Horan was the place, which sheltered Abraham during his infancy through
adolescence age. He was taken there most likely on foot by his mother seeking
protection from their near by village – Ur- where he was born. Horan's physical
location still appears on Saudi Arabia's modern maps under the name of “Horan
Valley” وادي حوران
( Approx. 19o 46’ 01” N - 42o 22‘ 04” E ), see
figure 1.
Figure 1: Horan in the modern (Israel Occupied) Arabia maps.
He grew up as a shepherd in the neighborhood of
this Hijazi Mountain until he came to confront his ancestor's beliefs, which led
to the death sentence pronounced against him; however he miraculously escaped
this death and left that area accompanied by his young wife Sarah and his nephew
Lot. They headed north following the traders' route and sought shelter at Arapha
city (عرفة)
(Ar-bah' or Arba as inscribed in the Greek Torah). Arapha valley is now a
well-known location for it is one of the main holy places that Muslim pilgrims
have to visit as part of their annual pilgrimage rituals. In this area, Abraham
and his companionship settled down in a tiny terrain that belonged then to a
tribal sheikh named Abu Mallek (أبو
مالك), precisely near a cluster of trees
under the care of a Hijazi Arab by the name of Namera (نمرة)
or (Mamre as inscribed in the Greek Torah), see photo 2.
Photo 2: Aerial view of Makkah area showing
Mamre (Namera) location 17km east of Beit Allah (Bethel) at Beer Sheba
wilderness known today as Makkah (Mecca).
The spot of land (Approx 21o 21’ 08”
N – 39o 58’ 04” E) where Abraham installed his tents next to
Namera's trees was since then named after the owner of the trees, i.e. "Namera
نمرة".
This name remained adjacent to this land until this very moment, and has been
historically marked with stone landmarks and humble structures generation after
generation until a huge mosque was recently built in the place and named
"Namera" mosque (see photo 3). Millions of pilgrims gather around this mosque
every year during the annual Hajj in memory of the place where Abraham and Sarah
spent most of their lifetime. At his old age Abraham housed his second wife
Hagar and his infant son Ishmael in a barren waterless valley located at about
17 Km to the west of his tents at Namera, thus paving the way to the
revitalization of a long forgotten holy site initially established by the
nucleus of the first human race - Adam and Eve.
The first spot of land that witnessed the first
man’s repentance, and housed the first worship ceremony ever experienced by
mankind, is geographically still preserved and is known until today as Beit
Allah بيت الله
(or Bethel as inscribed in the Greek Torah) which literally means in both Syriac
and Arabic - the Mighty Lord's House. Beit Allah is now situated at the heart of
the city of Makkah where Islam evolved and spread. Beit Allah is approximately
located at coordinates 21o 25’ 19 N – 39o 49’ 34” E.
see image 1.
Image 1: At Makkah precisely at Beit Allah
(Bethel) Millions of pilgrims, roam around Al Kaba (Kadish) since
Abraham time.
On their way to Arapha from Horan, Young Abraham
and his small company had to cross many flowing rivers as well as dry riverbeds.
The most famous of which was the Phorat· river فرات))
(or Euphrates river as inscribed in the Greek Torah) which runs from the Garden
of Eden, downhill on the eastern cliffs of the Hijaizi Surat mountains. The
famous Phorat River is dry today, however the great riverbed or valley it carved
behind is clearly discernible as shown in photo 4. The commonly known river,
pronounced “Phorat“ by easterners and “Euphrates” by westerners, which runs
along the west half of Iraq is not the original river nor is its twin river
bearing the name Dijlah (دجلة)
(or Tigris· as inscribed in the Greek Torah) in fact
both their names belong to the original rivers springing specifically from the
Garden of Eden. This legendary lost garden is located somewhere on the top of
Surat Mountains or inside them closer to Makkah where Adam and Eve resided as
narrated in the Ancient Arabic History.
Photo 3: Namera Mosque at Arapha valley
erected in memorial of Abraham’s’ first house where he lived with Sarah.
Millions of pilgrims in white clothing still visit the site during the
annual Hajj.
The above is a quick and brief overview of
Abraham's journey as emerged from Al Tajdeed Society's extensive research on the
pre-Islamic Arabic history. Contrary to the common belief, this map does not
contain any reference to Egypt, Iraq or Syria as no credible evidences were
found to support this claim apart from conflicting and contradictory narratives,
all of them traced back to one single source - the Geek Torah.
Photo 4: Satellite image showing
the riverbed left behind the Al Phorat (Euphrates) river in (Israel Occupied) Arabia.
To understand how this map emerged, one needs first
to examine the authenticity and credibility of the current map internationally
distributed on some bible’s back covers. Once it is demonstrated that the map in
question is inconsistent and unauthentic only then the right questions should be
asked in quest for the right answers. A good starting point is to examine the
claim that Abraham and his Patriarch sons visited or dwelt in Egypt.
Egyptology – The Deactivated History:
While
viewing the pyramids during his visit to Egypt, the Israeli Prime minister Mr.
Menachem Begin was reported to have said that his ancestors participated in the
building of the Pyramids ’. These comments disturbed many Egyptian officials as
reflected in the following news agency report, "The
Egyptian minister of Culture Farouk Hosni is reported to have refuted once again
Israel's claims on the role played by Jews in building al-Jiza pyramids and
their contribution to building certain archaeological areas in al-Fantin island
(Jazirat al_fantin) in Aswan. Hosni told journalists " The Jews did not take
part in building the pyramids which are considered royal tombs, and it was not
permitted to those who follow a religion other than that of the Pharaoh, the
King, to take part in building these holy tombs and temples. Hosni added, "The
Jews entered Egypt with our Master Abraham (Ibrahim) and some of them left after
the defeat of the Hexos and they had no mentionable role in building the Pharos
civilization." Mr. Hosni’s
statement is a representative sample of the dilemma that Egyptian officials and
scholars have to endure when confronted with allegations alienating them from
the best of their legacy and heritage. At one end the Egyptian officials confirm
that Jews had indeed entered and settled in Egypt during Abraham or Yusuf times;
basing this confirmation on few Islamic historical references. The Egyptians
also label their ancient sociopolitical system using the Torah term "Pharaoh's”
civilization. In addition, they identify their own ancient kings by the title
"Pharaohs" which is an Old Testament trademark. On the other hand, the Egyptian
scholars deny the Jewish claimed role in building the pyramids or any other
significant landmark while they were enslaved by the Egyptian dignitaries!
It is safe to say that the Egyptian public at
large, and scholars in particular, have not yet actively considered their own
advanced and well documented national history but relied instead on a a highly
controversial foreign historical source – the Torah - in order to track down the
sequence of events that took place in their own land during the times of the
Patriarchs* (1700-1300 B.C). This conclusion can be
easily asserted by asking the Egyptian archeologists, historians and scholars
few fundamental decisive questions. These questions relate to the core of the
major biblical events claimed to have occurred in Egypt, namely:
Do the countless Egyptian excavations,
archeological sites and unearthed heritage show any evidence or reference to
a non-Egyptian figure named "Abraham" who alleged to have resided in Egypt
anytime between the years 1800 and 1700 B.C?
Is there any evidence suggesting that a
non-Egyptian figure named Yusuf assumed a treasurer position around1600
B.C.?
Does any ancient Egyptian papyrus or manuscript
mention anything about an Israeli leader named Moses who confronted one of
the prominent Egyptian kings around 1300 B.C?
Do the Egyptian ancient documents mention that
the king who confronted Moses drowned in the red sea 400 km from his capital
or even the Nile River or any other watercourse?
Are there any traces of references found in the
thousands of ancient Egyptian scripts mentioning the detailed biblical
exodus of more than half a million people around the year 1300 B.C?
Does any papyrus refer to the famous miraculous
sea-crossing of more than half a million fleeing people?
Have any reference been found between the years
5000 and 32 B.C. indicating that the kings of Egypt were called or referred
to as "Pharos" other than the dubious "big house" notion?
The answers to all questions above have been
negative to date. Dr Firas Sawah, a prominent Syrian scholar, summed it all up
in one of his books when he wrote “ As regards the exodus time, the consensus is that it
occurred around 1260 B.C during Ramses II time... however and despite all
scholars dedicated efforts, no credible Egyptian historical proof has thus far
been secured to support the exodus tale from Egypt … and the Egyptian ancient
manuscripts remain absolutely silent with regards to this eminent Torah
originated tale...one simply can’t believe that six hundred thousands enslaved
Jewish families suddenly evacuate from the Egyptian delta heading towards the
Suez border where they confronted the Egyptian King and Army in a retreat
skirmish contact, and eventually caused his death and his army's defeat in a
miraculous manner without the slightest reference to such a drastic sequence of
events in the well documented and preserved Egyptian historical records?!
”
Furthermore, one would expect that identifying the famous “Pharaoh” mummy in
view of the specified chronological order which associates him with Ramses II or
to his immediate son Merenptah should be an easy task. This is because the tombs
and the historical records of those two particular kings have been found, red
and translated longtime ago. Despite these archeological findings, there is yet
no evidence or any shred of reference correlating any of these kings to Moses
and the Israelis as narrated in the Greek Torah. Dr. Zahi Hawas -
Secretary General of the Supreme Council for Antiquities - sums up this
arguments in a press interview saying “…the
examination of all relevant royal mummies proved that none of them fits Moses
Pharaoh. No conclusive evidence is yet at hand to identify the pharaoh …”
In its simplest form and under normal academic circumstances, these mere facts
would be more than sufficient to immediately alienate the possibility of the
biblical exodus taking place in Egypt. Consequently, whoever emphasized that the
major biblical events had indeed taken place in Egypt should have submitted
their tangible proof, otherwise all such claims, based on Egyptology, are to be
dismissed and with all objectivity and common sense considered unfounded until
credible evidences are made available. For the independent and free mind
observers, the current situation is clearly running the other way around. The
accurate and credible history of a highly civilized nation has been positioned
at the passenger seat and restricted to attract tourists, while a literally
stranger historical source – the Old Testament that originated outside Egypt -
is placed at the driving seat to steer the country towards its predetermined
fate. This obscure and difficult to comprehend status quo managed so far to
prevail due to several factors; namely:
Those who are supposed to defend their national
history are not doing so! The Egyptians themselves, being a historically
religious nation, would naturally hold on to the privilege and honor of
hosting the Patriarchs. Therefore, they would mentally and emotionally favor
waiting as long as it takes to extract from their own national history
evidences to support foreign historical claims suggesting that the
Patriarchs had dwelt in their lands. Thus, they waited for more than 2300
years in vain and no one is prepared to draw a conclusion and close this
file.
The Patriarchs and the land of their eventful
life are mentioned in the holy Quran. Having Egypt associated with the
Patriarchs meant that their homeland gained another blessing by having it
referred to in the Islamic holy book. This is clearly noticed from the
banner posted at the Cairo airport which holds a welcome statement extracted
from the holy Quran.
The post Islamic historians to date have kept
on stressing that the Israeli Patriarchs and the Israeli people entered and
resided in Egypt, which has added more weight in favor of the biblical
claims.
The predicament experienced by the scientific
community is that, on one hand, millions of Jewish, Christian and Moslem masses
are persistently insisting that Egypt was indeed a geographical central point in
the Patriarchs' lives especially for Moses; while on the other hand, the
Egyptian history does not offer the slightest tangible evidence of any of these
major claimed events! The believers resolved this contradiction by mentally
marginalizing the genuine and authentic land history with idolatry or paganism
terms as biblically preached, in the hope that the holy biblical claims will
ultimately get substantiated. Equally, the researchers and archeologists are
increasingly perplexed while observing the widening divide between what they
actually discover and what they ought to discover under the believers pressure.
As it stands, and due to the holy nature of their references, it hardly occurred
to the believing masses that the Egyptian history is the credible genuine source
of information that needs to be seriously considered, and since this history has
remained obstinately silent about the biblically claimed events, then it is
obvious that such events may had occurred but certainly not in Egypt. It hardly
occurred to the scholars of the three religions that it is about time they
embarked on a major paradigm shift by returning back to their own source of
information, be it holy revelations or historical quotations, to review their
understanding of how for example have they concluded that the exodus had
occurred in Egypt geographically. The researchers at Al-Tajdeed Society embarked
on this paradigm shift and consequently re-examined the Arabic and Islamic
history books and references and critically analyzed tens of contradictory
quotes and texts. The outcome was stunning; for it was found that unlike what is
being preached by many Islamic religious scholars, the holy Quran not only
didn't vindicate that the Patriarchs were in Egypt, but also sought to correct
this erroneous widespread understanding by refuting this claim all together.
Furthermore, it was found that Islamic historians did not corroborate these
claims but were simply reiterating the mistaken misunderstanding traced back to
the biblical tales which shaped the public awareness and knowledge in Arabia
more than 800 years before the Quran was revealed. It also turned out that the
pre-Islamic history contains a variety of information indicating that the
biblical geographical scenes were in fact in Arabia itself. To unfold our "Da
Vinci code" version in this paper, let us start by reviewing the Holy Quran
verses that are considered by the Moslem scholars as the unequivocal proof that
the Israeli exodus headed by Moses had indeed occurred in Egypt.
Misr vs. Egypt - The overlooked key fact:
As narrated
in both the Quran and the Old Testament, Musa [Moses] confronted a person named
Fir'awn [Pharaoh]. One verse in the Quran cites a statement made by Fir'awn to
his people mentioning a key geographical location. The official translation of
the verse in question is: "[51]
And (Fir'awn) proclaimed among his people, saying: "O my people! does not the
dominion of Egypt belong to me, (witness) these streams flowing
underneath my (palace)? what! see ye not then?"[52] "Am I
not better than this (Musa), who is a contemptible wretch and can scarcely
express himself clearly?" (Az-Zukruf, Ch 43 verse 51-52)
In this given context, western English readers could reasonably conclude that
Muslims are in accord with the biblical account on Mose’s geographical
emplacement, i.e. Egypt. What most western readers won't realize however is that
they are reading a mistranslation of the holy verse, one which doesn't echo what
the verse actually says in Arabic! The Arabic version of the same verse doesn't
mention the name Egypt at all. What it mentions all over is the name "Misr". The
correct translation ought to read "… "O my people! Does not the
dominion ofMisr belong to me? …". In fact, it is not
adequate to translate proper names since they are an expression of a distinctive
identity of a person or a place, and therefore should solely be vocally
transliterated in translations; just like the names of Musa and Fir'awn as
indicated in the above verses. Why was the name "Misr" transformed into "Egypt"
during the translation process? The answer to this particular question will be
revealed later, but first let us consider the following scenario: Had the
translation mentioned the real name i.e. Misr as the homeland of both Fir'awn
and Musa, then the western readers would naturally inquire about where this
place "Misr" was? If the answer was: it is the country known by the name Egypt,
then another questions will raise, which is why are Muslims calling an ancient
worldwide known country by the name "Misr" while the rest of the world
identifies it by the name "Egypt"? If someone said that probably this country
was called Misr during Musa time around 1300 B.C, then this will raise another
series of questions such as called Misr by whom? And why? Why is there no
reference in the Egyptian records during that era, i.e. under Ramses II, that
Egyptian kingdom was named “Misr” nor in era before or after the 19th
dynasty to which Ramses II is assigned? Why are there no such references in the
historical records of all ancient Egypt's contemporary neighboring civilizations
to support the claim that their ancient neighbor was named "Misr", despite the
active political and economical relationships between them? If the answer is
that it was called Misr after Islam by the Muslim nations, then another set of
questions will surface, such as since when has this name been projected on
Egypt? What does this name "Misr" mean? And why have the Muslim nations in
particular, named this ancient valley by the name “Misr”? Why has the rest of
the world retained the old name and not changed it to "Misr” in turn? These
questions and many others have not been raised by western ancient as well as
contemporary scholars and theologians simply because they were all under the
impression that Muslim nations are in agreement with the biblical geography as
transpires from the readily available translations of he holy Quran. This
inadvertent oversight from the translators of the Quran had deprived western
scholars from raising authentic arguments to the conflicting information they
inherited from the Greek Torah via the Christian church. Equally, Muslim nations
views and beliefs remained for centauries unquestioned and unchallenged by any
other nation, which eventually hardened their inherited inaccurate understanding
of the Patriarchs geographical locations mentioned in the holy Quran. This cycle
contributed in shadowing the Christian and the Muslim worlds, as well as many
Jewish communities, in a long term illusion which has been challenged to date
only by the holy Quran and Egyptology revelations.
On the reasons that led Muslim translators to
transform the name "Misr" to "Egypt", the answer goes back to the fact that
Egypt currently has two formal names. One is recognized by non Muslims which is
"Egypt", while the other is "Misr", which is recognized by all Muslims in the
world including Egyptians themselves who introduce themselves as "Misries" to
the Muslims and as "Egyptians" to the rest of the world. Realizing that most
westerns are unaware that Egypt is called Misr amongst the Muslims, the
translators of the Quran decided to simplify the issue by systematically
replacing every "Misr" in the Quran with “Egypt”, so that the western readers
would understand which land the Quran refers to, as they imagined. The
translators had obviously good intentions, but did the holy Quran really need
any help to identify which land it meant? Why should Muslims assume that
whenever the Quran literally mentions the name "Misr" it actually means "Egypt"?
Is this long-established central assumption accurate? Or is it about time that
it is subjected to a critical analysis and review?
The main rational evidence supporting the
contemporary Muslims belief that Egypt was Yusuf’s land and Moses’ exodus
ground, is that the Quran states that Pharaoh and the Patriarchs were in Misr as
mentioned above, and since Egypt is known amongst the Muslims by the name "Misr",
then it follows that Egypt must be the land of Moses and Yusuf. This deduction
may sound perfectly logical. The argument, however, is irrespective of what
Egypt is called today, since the Pharaoh declared to his people that he was the
owner of Misr as stated in the verse above, then what really matters is to prove
that during the year 1300 B.C. Egypt was indeed called Misr by its people. If
this argument is substantiated than one could safely conclude that the Muslims
reasoning is soundly proven. For some reasons, Muslim nations thought that this
fundamental argument has been addressed and settled long time ago. However, it
came out that this argument has never been seriously addressed, and if
investigated, it would reveal to Muslims that their current belief with respect
to the Patriarchs’ geography is not only unfounded but also in discord with the
teachings of the Quran!
The cumulative discoveries available to the public
prove that Egypt was not called Misr during the 19th Egyptian
dynasty. There isn't a single Egyptian record that mentions the upper and or the
Lower Egypt by a single name pronounced "Misr" or any other name phonetically
close to it. In fact there is no evidence to prove that the name Misr was used
to identify Egypt at any recorded era let alone during the 19th
dynasty. On the contrary, what is mentioned in Egypt’s ancient history, as
narrated in Osiris and Isis myths is the name Koptos or Coptoª
which were gradually converted in to Gebt (قبط)
and then to El-Gibt (القبط)
and finally E-gypt as pronounced by the westerns. As to the records of the
ancient western civilizations, all the mythical literatures and maps refer to
this land under no name but Egypt or Egipt. The Greek Danaos Daughters’ myth is
a good example, which proves that the name "Egypt" is extremely old and it
resisted any attempts to change it. As to the ancient eastern nations, all of
them referred to Egypt under the same name "Gebt "قبط
except for the early Muslims who for some reason decided to discontinue using
it. This fact necessitates an investigation on the time when Muslims started
calling El-Gibt القبط
by the name Misr مصر
and the reasons of this mutation. According to the Arabic history, during the
times of prophet Mohamed (pbuh) (570-632 A.D), Egypt was known amongst the
people of Arabia by the name Al-Gipt (القبط)
.This is obvious from the message that the prophet sent to the Egyptian ruler
Al-Mokawkas inviting him to embrace Islam, see figure 2 for an image of the
preserved original hand-written manuscript. What interests us from this letter
are the following extracts " In the name
of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. From Mohammed Ben Abdullah to Al-Mokawkas
the chief of Gipt, … If you decline you will bear the burden of the
Gipties sins …”،
This particularly valuable letter clearly indicates that Al-Gipt was Egypt’s
formal name up to the time of prophet Mohammed (pbuh). The reply that came from
Al-Mokawkas also confirms that the Egyptians at that time introduced themselves
to Arabia as Gipties: “… To Mohamed Ben
Abdulla from Al-Mokawkas the chief of Gipt … I honored your
messenger and I sent you appreciation presents and two bondwomen whom are highly
valued in Gipt …”،
Figure 2: The manuscript of the
Message sent by the Prophet Mohammed (pbuh) to the Egyptian ruler showing the
words Al-Gipt ( E - gypt) with no mention of the name Misr.
Despite the fact that the Egyptians didn't
recognize the name "Misr" for their land, as reflected in the reply, yet the
people of Arabia during the prophet's time were referring to Egypt amongst
themselves as "Misr"! This is inevitably demonstrated in many records and
correspondences from that era. For example, the second caliphate Omer Ben Al
Khataab sent a letter to his army leader Amro Ben Al Aas, advising him to treat
the Giptis kindly. Interestingly, the letter referred to this same land by both
names: “… let it be known to you
that Misr land is spared from Khoms… and the prophet Mohamed praised the Giptis…”
The use of the name "Misr" amongst early Muslims and not using it in their
correspondences with the Egyptians themselves indicate that the early Arabian
Muslims used two names to identify the land of the Nile. Other historical
references indicate that both names existed in their daily dialogue before even
the Islamic era. The difference between the two names is significant. "Misr" is
used within Arabia only and has a biblical origin. "Gipt" however is used with
the Egyptians and the rest of the world which does not recognize Misr as a name
of Egypt. Phonetic analysis of the name "Al-Gipt" reveals that it is actually
equivalent to "Egypt". In other words, the Arabian people until the dawn of
Islam shared the same ancient name that identified this land with the rest of
the world. It was sometime after the entry of Arabian Muslims into Al-Gipt, that
the internationally known name was gradually replaced by "Misr" and remained so
until now· . Therefore one concludes that Misr is not
Egypt’s original name and that it is not old enough to apply to the pharaoh’s
statement when he declared to his people of his time that he is the owner of
Misr. Therefore, by searching for pharaoh and Musa in Egypt While the Quran
clearly states that they were in a place called Misr, the Muslims are actually
looking in the wrong place. The question now is: if Muslims are looking in the
wrong place, why have the ancient as well as the contemporary Jews and
Christians been considering Egypt as the homeland of Musa and Pharaoh as well?
The Septuagint – Egypt’s holy dungeon:
While Arabia
was directly receiving the heavenly revelations one after the other, the
European nations, like other nations, were also receiving the same revelations
but through the traders and scholars who traveled or migrated to their lands
carrying along the news and knowledge of the latest heavenly revelations. Like
the Quran, the Torah in the form of the Ten Commandments was first revealed in
Arabia, it was documented at some stage in the Arabic Syriac language. During
their exile in Babylon (586 B.C) the Israeli Rabbis produced what they called
the Torah containing the Ten Commandments in addition to historical accounts of
the Israeli tribes. That Syriac Torah might have been the first recognized
written holy book produced by Israeli Rabbis. In that Syriac book, Mizraim /Mitsrayim was the documented name of the
place where Musa and the Pharaoh lived. This name is consistent with the holy
Quran account as indicated in the above-mentioned verse¨
. The geographical locations of the major events were obviously clear and
well-known to the ancient believers until the appearance of the Septuagint
(السبعونية)
- the Greek Torah.
The Septuagint is the first Greek translation of
the Syriac Torah. It could be the first translations of the Arabic Syriac Torah
to any other foreign language. It was compiled in Egypt around 282 B.C only
shortly after it fell under Alexander the Great's control. Ptolemy Ben
Philadelphus, the Greek sovereign, requested that the latest revelation at that
time be translated to Greek. A team of seventy rabbis produced the translation
and it is reported that within seventy days the Greek Torah was ready for
publishing. In that Geek book, a slight alteration was introduced during the
translation process. Every Arabic Syriac word
which reads “mzarm” was translated to this Greek word "Αἰγύπτου"
which reads “Ae-gypti”,i.e Mizraim was transformed during the
translation process to Ae-gypti. This indescribable act was all that was needed
to create a large scale long-life illusion. Unlike Misr or Mizeruim, Ae-gypti or
E-gypt as pronounced today has always referred to an internationally well-known
vast and highly civilized ancient country. The moment the Greek Torah was
approved by Ptolemy Ben Philadelphus, Egypt was portrayed as “Israeli land” in
the subconscious of the Europeans as well as all Geeks’ widespread colonies.
Consequently, since 282 B.C, generation after generation passed on the false
“sacred” information on Egypt's role in the Patriarchs eventful geography until
it became an irrefutable fact. This was happening on an international scale,
whereas the ancient Egyptians themselves have not seriously resisted this
infiltration and fictitious implantation of scenes and events into their history
and heritage. In fact, they might have viewed the Septuagint’sclaim that
the Patriarchshad dwelt in their land as another privilege to the
Egyptian already glamorous historical fame. What the ancient Egyptians missed,
however, is that by accepting this foreign forged addendum into their unwritten
history, they have in fact accepted, in the long term, to give away their land
and civilization to a little insignificant tiny Arabian tribe, while their great
Egyptian civilization is being absorbed into the “promised land” saga alongside
Iraq and Syria. This ancient deal is the source of today’s confusion and
frustration of Egyptian scholars when every now and then someone arrives from
overseas to insolently boast his ancestors presumed role in building the great
pyramids! This will sadly remain the case until Egyptian scholars and officials
decide to establish independent research teams to review their history from the
time the Septuagint was issued, and objectively examine the damage inflected by
this Greek Torah on the their kings' reputation and civilization achievements.
This might be the only way for the Egyptian nation to escape the Septuagint
sacred dungeon.
The Egyptian pharaoh – The living Holy Hoax:
In his
numerous lectures, Dr Zahi Hawas keeps on utilizing the Torah word “Pharaohs”
when making references to his country's greatest ancient kings. Equally, he
confirms that despite the exhausting national and international archeological
missions, there are not to date any objective scientific evidence to the
assumption that Remeses II or his son Marnabtah were the Torah’s described
Egyptian king during Musa time. The case usually stops at this dead-end point,
and indications are that this will not change unless a sharp detour is made. The
answer to this impasse was spotted by a well-known Islamic historian named Al-Masooedy
( *** - 946). As reported by the Al-Atabaki, Al-Masooedy documented his findings
following a personal investigation. He wrote “…
I have asked a group of Gipti
(اقباط) scholars while I was at Al-Saeid
(الصعيد
)(Upper Egypt) about the meaning of the name Fir'awn (pharaoh). They didn’t know
the meaning of the word nor did it exist in their Gipti language!! ...”The same meaningless "Pharaoh" word in Gipti language was also
reported by Ibn Khaldun . This is the answer to the impasse which the majority
of contemporary as well as past scholars might find difficult to submit to. As
linguistically confirmed , there is no word pronounced "Pharaoh" in the Gipti
language nor is it a written or used word amongst the Gipti public, let alone a
famous Royal title. The closest pronunciation to the word Pharaoh most scholars
are holding to is “per-aa” as explained by Marie Parsons “…
it should be pointed out that "pharaoh", the most popular "title" of the
Egyptian King, is not Egyptian at all. That is to say, the Egyptians did not
call their King "Pharaoh" until very late in their history, and then only as
non-Egyptians took up the word. "Pharaoh" is a Hebrew pronunciation of the
Egyptian word, per-aa, meaning Great House, and was first used as a label for
the king himself around 1450 BC. ..” This
highly controversial solution has been refuted by many other scholars and
researchers such as M S M Saifullah, `Abdullah David & Elias Karim . Michael S.
Sanders sums up the topic saying“…As
can be readily seen it just is not possible to translate Pir’u as Pharaoh unless
one has a predilection to so do...”
Despite the confirmation that the word Fir’awn
doesn’t belong to the Gipti language nor was it the title of Egyptian kings, it
remains true that this word is repeatedly mentioned in the holy Quran as well as
the Bible. This persisting contradiction should have instigated researchers to
look for this name outside Egypt. It was nearly effortless to find out that the
name exists indeed and it has an unambiguous meaning in Arabia. The
linguistically compound word needs to be first disassembled to its original
root. The root of this Arabic word Fir’awn (فرعون)
is Far’a (فرع),
this linguistic rooting system is customary in the Arabic language. For example
the root of word Sidoon (صيدون)is
Saida (صيدا),
and for Sa'dwoon (سعدون) is Sa’d
(سعد ) and for Babylon (بابلون)
is Babel (بابل)
etc. By looking up the Arabic dictionary for the meaning of the root Far’a(فرع)
the answer is immediately evident. Amongst
the many meanings this root holds, one finds the following fundamental meaning “The
top or the chief of something i.e. be it land, mountain, body, people etc…”
This means that the word Fir’awn is not a name but a title of social order. The
Arabian history and language provides further stunning personal information
regarding Fir’awn himself which supports this finding. Ben Asaker, Ben Kathir
and Al-Majlessy report the following information to the fact that Fir’awn was
married to an Arabian lady “… Fir’awn’s
wife was Asia (اسيا)daughter
of Mozahim (مزاحم) Ben Abdullah (عبد
الله) Ben Al Rayan (الريان)
Ben Al Walid (الوليد),
Mozahim was Misr’s Fir’awn during Yuousf’s time…”،،These names are reported to
have been confirmed by the prophet Mohamed (pbuh) himself. For those familiar
with Arabic names, they would immediately realize that such names could not be
found in ancient Egypt as they can only be found to-date in their Arabia
homeland. To the surprise of our researchers, many Arabic historians have indeed
reported a name for Fir’awn himself. The following is a quote found in several
references “… I asked Mousa Ben
Jaffer to explain to me the meaning of the following Quranic verse requesting
Musa and Haron to approach Fir’awn ([43] Go, both of you, to
Fir’awn (Pharaoh), verily, he has transgressed. [44] And speak to
him mildly, perhaps he may accept admonition or fear Allâh." Jaffer replied that
the meaning of “And speak to him mildly” is to address him during the speech by
his title Abu Musaab (ابا مصعب)
as Fir’awn name was Al Walied (الوليد)
Ben Musaab (مصعب)…
”،،.
These names and title are closely related to Arabian tribes. Al Hamawi wrote in
his book the following details about Fir'awn, revealing his personal
astonishment: " …Fir’awn was from Bialie Arabs, he was
short with fair skin and long beard, he ruled Misr 500 years then Allah perished
him in the water and his name was Mussab (مصعب) ,
some people claimed that he was a Gipti descendent, and not from the Amalek
(العمالقه) !?" This quote
indicates that during the author's time, other sources were claming that Fir’awn
was Gipti which was surprising to the narrator. Sadly today, what he quoted is
causing astonishment and what hequestioned
became internationally common knowledge! The Amalek, to whom Fir’awn belongs,
has been mentioned in the Torah as well as the Arabian history. They are a well
know ancient tribe that lived in Makkah and nearby as reported by Dr. Ahmed Amin
"…The Akhbariyen (Ancient Arab
historians) mentioned that the Amalek inhabited Makkah, Madina and Hijaz, they
were tyrants and Musa confronted them. The Jews dwelt in Hijiaz after the fall
of the Amalek". Al Shibani, however,
reported that Fir’awn's name was actually Kaboows (قابوس).
He wrote "…
then Misr was ruled by Kaboows
(قابوس) Ben Musaab (مصعب)
Ben Moawya (معاوية) Ben Nomir (نمير )
Ben Al Salows (السلوس) Ben Qarn (قاران)
Ben Amro(عمرو) Ben Amalek (عملاق)
…" So Fir'awn first name could be Musaab or
Kaboows and both names are of Hijaizi origin and are not expected to be found
amongst the royal Gipti names. The same information was also known to some Arab
Jews and Christians as narrated by al Qurtabi and Al Shookani whom wrote: “…
Wahab·(وهب)
reported that the people of the book¨ knew Fir’awn by the name Al Walid (الوليد) Ben Musaab (مصعب)
Ben Al Rayan (الريان)
and his title was Abu Morah (ابو مره)…”،This quote indicates that not all "the
people of the book" were fully influenced by the Septuagint fake dogma. However,
the total absence of Fir’awn's name from their documents, or at least those
documents made available to the public, indicates that Fir’awn's identity was
systematically kept out of reach.
The amount of Arabic history or history-related
references that mentioned Kaboows or Musaab or Al Walid as the first name for
Moses’ Fir’awn are more than staggering fifty. Here is a list for the
researchers' reference:
,,،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،،
This abundantly cited historical information on
Fir’awn's identity will most likely come across as surprising for many Muslim
readers as well as Christens and Jews. This is because some of the early
post-Islamic historians have adopted and documented the Septuagint originated
forged details preached by most Arab Jewish and Christen tribes for more than
800 years before the Islamic revelation. Their historical documents became
Islamic references for the forthcoming generations of historians until today.
The contradicting details between the pre-Islamic original information and the
post-Islamic borrowed ones generated palpable discrepancies, the solution for
which was to gradually deactivate the original Arabian history like was the case
with the Egyptian history in favor of the prevailing inaccurate western one.
Having discovered Fir’awn's full name from the
history of the land where he lived and later ruled, there is no point in looking
for him among the list of Gipti royal names. Doing so is like looking for a king
named Abdullah among medieval Christian Scottish Royal family list. What are the
chances of finding such a name in such a place, position and time?
To sum up, against the schemes of Ptolemy and the
70 rabbis, Egyptology resisted the implantation of the Tyrant Fir’awn in its
Gipti heritage. Equally, Arabian history rejected this forgery and resisted the
amputation of Musa from Arabia by retaining enough historical information to
trace the origin of biblical events. It is high time we realized that there were
no Pharaohs in Egypt and this expired title should be returned back to where it
had always belonged, in Arabia.
In Search for the Patriarch in Arabia – Uncovering
the desert sand:
As explained
earlier, the Geek Torah committed a forgery. The word "Misr" in the original
Syriac text has been intently replaced during the translation process by the
word Al Gipt. Consequently, the low profile word “Misr” never been mentioned to
the westerns believers while it started to fade away in the eastern believers'
minds and awareness in favor of the high profile “Egypt”. Despite its
insignificant size, Misr was however the theater of major biblical events. So
where was Misr located?
Arabian history vindicated by the holy Quran states
that Abraham lived in Makkah. In fact both he and his son Ishmael
constructed Beit Allah- the Ka'bah as mentioned in this verse: “[127]
And remember Ibrahim and Isma'il raised the foundations of the House (the Ka'bah
at Makkah( (with this prayer): "Our Lord! Accept (this service) from us: for
Thou art the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing”(Al-Baqarah - Ch1 verse: 127).
Many other important events took place around Makkah including the site where
Ishmael was offered in sacrifice·“[102]
Then, when (the son) reached (the age of) (serious) work with him, he said: "O
my son! I see in vision that I offer thee in sacrifice: now see what is thy
view!" (the son) said: "O my father! do as thou art commanded: thou will find
me, if Allah so wills, one practicing Patience and Constancy!" (Asl-Safat -
Ch 37 verse: 102). The location of the
sacrifice place is still preserved and has been since known under the name Mena(منى)
or Ishmael Altar, where millions of Muslim
pilgrims offer oblations every year from the time of Abraham. Mena Altar is
located 6 km east Makkah (see photo 5) next to the Arapha (عرفة)
valley which contains Namera Mosque. According to Arabia history we read “...
Gabriel said to Abraham carry enough water with you. They went to Mena valley,
then to Arapha valley.He erected his
tents in Namera- This place since then was marked with white stones to preserve
it, and it was anciently known as Abrahams Masjed (prayer place) the same place
is now annexed to the Namera Mosque...”،،
These places are mentioned in the Torah but geographically shifted outside their
real locations and systematically scattered allover Palestine.
Photo 5: Close up satellite
image of the most important sites of Abraham’s eventful life which are also
sites for the annual Islamic Hajj rituals.
Abraham, according to Arabian history was a
stranger to Makkah area. His dialect was Syriac while the tribes there were
speaking 'irebah (عاربة)
; both different dialects originating from one mother language known for the
purpose of this research as Arabic. He crossed the Surat Mountains and settled
in Namera, as mentioned in the Torah. Therefore he was labeled with the title
they usually assign those strangers whom they allow to settle down amongst them
as will be detailed latter. The transient boundary can be roughly estimated from
a quote reported by Al-Andulsy
(الاندلسي) who wrote: “Tohama
(تهامة) is the region stretching along side the red sea
including Makkah and al 'iber ¨العبر))
, Al towr (الطور) and the island. So the Al a’br is the area between
the Phorat river (Eupharteª )(الفرات)
and the Arab desert…”.By
constructing a map of this description in Arabia we can identify the area, which
includes the Surat Mountains overlooking Arapha valley, see photo 6·
.
Since Abraham was one of those who crossed the
mountains and descended in the valley of Arapha, he was titled with the Arabic
word “‛ibrîy”
(عبري)
which literally means “the person in transit or the person who crossed over a
natural topography such as mountain, river or sea”. The Syriac pronunciation of
the same word is also “‛ibrîy”
as both are dialect of the same language and people. The local people of Arapha
labeled him with this title for a long time until, as mentioned in the Torah; it
was changed from “‛ibrîy
to Ibrahim إبراهيم”
as he became a formal resident of Makkah. By adding the Syriac definition
article to the word ‛ibrîy,
which is the letter “H”, the word becomes H‛ibrîy
or H-'ibrew (العابر)
which literally means "The person in transient". With time, this simple
denomination transformed into the famous word “Hebrew” and was inflated beyond
its original meaning to denote the identity of a nation with a distinctive
language and religion. The Torah itself clearly indicates that being Hebrew does
not necessarily mean one is Israeli (i.e. son of Jacob). This is obvious from
Mose’s direct teachings to the Israelis “…If
thou buy aHebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the
seventh he shall go out free for nothing.”
It is forbidden to enslave a fellow Israeli as per Judaism teachings. Therefore,
this only means that the word “Hebrew” is originally an expression used for
Israeli as well as any other person as long as he/she is in transit (traveler or
crosser). This term simply never meant to be an expression of a distinctive
religion, nationality or identity and using it in such a context is a historical
abuse.
Photo 6: Light filtered
satellite image showing the Phorat riverbed (Euphrates) (shown in fine green
line) stretching from the top of the
Surat Mountains to south Iraq. The river is bounding the "Arab desert" situated between the A’ber (Surat
Mountains) and the great river valley.
At this stage we can address another key question:
Where from did Abraham come to Arapha valley? According to the holy Quran he
didn’t come from far away “[48]
"And I will turn away (seclude) from you (all) and from those whom ye invoke
besides Allah: I will call on my Lord: perhaps, by my prayer to my Lord, I shall
be not unblest."(Maryam Ch 19 verse 48)
This verse reveals a conversation between Abraham and his people after they
tried to execute him. He indicated that he will not migrate but rather seclude
اعتزلكم))
which implies that he can still conveniently get in touch if he chooses to. The
holy Quran did mention many other conversations between Abraham and his father
after the fire execution attempt, which proves that his fathers land was not
geographically far away from Makkah where he secluded.
According to the prophet Mohamed (pbuh), Abraham
was kept off site by his mother in a place called Horan, as per this quote "…
Abraham's mother took her child Abraham and fled during the night to protect him
from the Tyrant Nimrod. She placed him near three trees on a fast flowing river
called Horan …"،،،،. In line with the Septuagint proposed
geography, some of the early Jewish scholars claimed that this “Horan” was
located in northern Syria to the east bank of the Iraqi Euphrates River at
approximately 1600 km from Makkah, see photo 7.
Photo 7: The Real Horan (Abraham Fathers'
home) in Asir Compared to the location of Horan as successfully forged
by the Septuagint Rabbis.
However, there are many
places called Horan in Arabia. One of them is on a river bank near the Phorat
river (the original Euphrates river) and is only 300 km south of Makkah located
at 19o 46 " 19' North and 42o
22" 04' East. Examining the satellite images for this Horan, one can
immediately spot the riverbed valley which is dry today, and can observe its
proximity to Makkah, which demonstrates how Abraham was able to travel between
Makkah and his father's land conveniently. This Horan is also located at the
south of the river Phorat, which springs from Adam’s Eden Garden, located on the
top of the Surat Mountains and flows all the way down eastwards to collect on a
huge dry lake situated at the lowlands of south Iraq, as shown in figures 3,4. The place of the dried lake is named
Najaf (نجف)§. Proving that this ancient giant Arabian
river was the famous Phorat, which lost its name and identity to that running
from Turkey to Iraq has been comprehensively addressed in two of the Al Tajdeed
research work.Abraham had to cross the Phorat River in his way to
Makkah; a detail mentioned in the Torah and the Arabic historical documents. We
therefore have very good reasons to believe that this is most likely the real
Horan mentioned in the Torah.
On the question about where Abraham headed from
Horan, it is revealed in this verse “[99]He said: "I will go to my Lord! He will surely guide me! [100]
"O my Lord! grant me a righteous (son)!”(Al Saffat Ch 37 verses 99-100).
He went to Namera located in the vicinity of Beit Allah, the House of The All
Mighty Lord at Makkah. According to the Quran, he was young when he left Horan
and he had his first son at an old age while he was in Namera. He apparently did
not know where was the exact location of the house “[26] And (remember) when We showed
Ibrâhim (Abraham) the site of the (Sacred)
House (the Ka'bah at Makkah) (saying): "Associate
not anything (in worship) with Me”(Al Haj Ch 22 verse 26).
Once he realized where the sacredsite was, which was then an empty dry barren
valley, he had to own it in order to publicizes it for all worldwide believers
to be. Consequently, he intentionally and purposely moved Hagar and his son
Ishmael to the sacred valley 17 km to the west of Namera where his wife Sarah
lived “[37]"O our Lord! I have
made some of my offspring to dwell in a valley without cultivation, by Thy
Sacred House; in order, O our Lord, that they may establish regular Prayer: so
fill the hearts of some among men with love towards them, and feed them with
Fruits so that they may give thanks.”(Ibrahim Ch 14 verse 37)
The Torah indirectly confirms the short distance between where Abraham lived at
Namera and the sacred place through this quote “..And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and
took bread, and a bottle of water, and gave it unto Hagar, putting it on her
shoulder, and the child, and sent her away: and she departed, and wandered in
the wilderness of Beersheba.”.
As mentioned, the trip from Namera to the final
destination to Beershebarequired only "bread,
and a bottle of Water" which implies that the distance traveled by the
child and his mother was far more shorter than the trajectory suggested by the
Septuagint, which stretches as far as 1250 km from Palestine all the way to
Beersheba at Paran· .The Torah further
indicates that once the bottle of water dried out shortly after arriving to the
sacred valley of Beersheba, water supply was miraculously made available: “And
God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water; and she went, and filled the
bottle with water, and gave the lad drink”.
Figure 3:
Numerous ancient maps shows the presence of giant river traversing Arabia from
the Surat Mountains to a
lake south of Iraq. This is the real Phorte فرات(Euphrates)
river springing from Eden garden south of Makkah.
Figure 4: Satellite image clearly showing
the riverbed of the same great Phorat (Euphrates) river drawn in the
ancient maps. The low land at the Iraqi Ahwar was the lake collecting
the flowing water springing from Paradise.
According to Arabs
historians, this well of water sprung underneath Ishmael feet and is called
today Beer Zimzum. It still provides water to the annual multimillion pilgrims
and is located only few meters from Beit Allah (Al Ka’aba). The Torah however
indicates that this well was later called Beerª sheba
(بير شبعة)
. “Sheba” was the name given by Abraham to the well as mentioned in this quote “And
he said, For these seven ewe lambs shalt thou take of my hand, that they may be
a witness unto me, that I have dug this well Wherefore he called that place
Beersheba; because there they sware both of them.”.
It should not be surprising to note that according to Arab historians Beer
Zimzum was actually called Beer Sheba at some stage, as revealed in this
conclusive unnoticed quote “ Amongst the
old names of Beer Zimzum are Gabriel foot mark (ركضة جبريل),
Ishmaels dug hole (حفيرة اسماعيل),
Wabra (وبرة),Sheba(شبعة),
…”’’’’’’. Other historians quote the same
name as (شباعة)
"Shebah"،،،،،،،،،،This is the genuine well-known
Beersheba mentioned in the Torah, and can be seen in photo 8. Furthermore, and
in accordance with the Arabic history, the association of Hagar with Makkah is
engraved even in the Jewish memory as commented by Ibn Ezra
"…Or 'Well of the lifegiving vision,' (HaKethav VeHaKabbalah); 'Well of the
vision of the Living
One' (Rashi; Targum); or 'Well to the Living One who sees me' (Ibn Ezra). Ibn
Ezra identifies this with Zimum (or in other versions, Zimzum), where the Arabs
hold an annual festival (Haj).
This is Zemzem near Mecca. According to this, however, Hagar headed into the
Arabian Peninsula rather than toward Egypt”
Photo 8: Pilgrims still access beer Sheba (Zimzum)
for fresh water. The beer (water well) is located next to Beit Allah
(Bethel).
As to the exact location where Ishmael and his
mother Hagar lived, it is specified in the following Torah quotation "And
he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran: and his mother took him a wife out of the
land of Egypt." Ignoring the
Septuagint-originated word "Egypt" in the above quote, let us investigate where
Paran wilderness was? Paran or Pharan is reported in the Arabic memory as
follows "... Pharan is the Hebrew name for
Makkah Mountains…"''' Other Arabic
historians quote "... Pharan is an
Arabic pronunciation of a Hebrew origin word, which is associated with Makkah
old names mentioned in the Torah. It is also said that it is the name for the
Makkah's mountains…"،
Ben Katheer also adds one more important piece of information to the following
quote which reveals how close Mamera, where Sarah's house was, in relation to
Abraham's second wife’s house at the sacred valley of Beersheba; "...
and Abraham used to frequently check up on the welfare of his family at Pharan…"
Bearing in mind that Abraham was very old when he had his first son Ishmael, so
one shouldn't expect such anticipated frequent family visits to have taken place
by traveling a regular return trip of about 2500 km from Makkah to Palestine.
Consequently, Beersheba has been deliberately shifted with the rest of the other
key places to end up scattered all over south Syria (Palestine) creating an
archeological "mission impossible" to find evidence supporting the chronology
and geography of the events in question.
The damage inflicted through shifting the
Patriarchs’homeland from the south to the north of Arabia did
not only affect the names of places but the tribes' identity as well. We will
mention here one tribe only which had to be shifted to north Arabia because of
its simultaneous existence with the Patriarchs. The "Canaanite الكنعانيون"
for example has been repeatedly mentioned in the Torah. Their first encounter
with the Patriarchsis quoted here “…And
Abram passed through the land to the place of Sichem, to the plain of Moreh. And
the Canaanite was then in the land…”
Investigation revealed that the Canaanites (الكنعانيون)
is a clear one letter mispronunciation of the famous Arabic ancient tribe named
"Kananites الكنانيون"
this Arab tribe was living in the Arapha area. In fact they left behind their
name on the landscape they inhabited which stretched between makkah valley to
Mena valley (Ishmael Altar) located at the direct proximity of Arapha Valley.
Ben Jumhoor wrote “… Al Mohasab
(المحصب)
is the valley between Makkah and Mena, it is also known the plane of Makkah and
the low land of the Kananites((الكنانيون
tribe…” As to the claim that even the
Canaanite were the ancient inhabitants of south Syria, Dr Dawood strongly
refutes this unfounded claim despite its propagation. He commented: “…
It is amazing how the genuine history of the ancient Arab Syrians who inhabited
this land for more than 10 thousand years is being masked and concealed and
replaced by the Torah mentioned Canaanites tribe. This is being done while every
scholar is aware that no such name existed in the ancient Syrian history...”
He also added “… Dr Ali Asaf stressed in his book (The ancient Syrian
kingdoms) that none of the ancient Syrian kingdoms identified itself by the name
or the title Canaanites or Amorites. In fact when Sankhow (سانخو)
issued his book (Phoenician History) in 9 volumes during Musa time in the 14th
century B.C, no mention of the name " Canaanites " was made anywhere in his
history. The same is true with Herodotus who never cited the word "Canaanites"
when mentioning the Syrians or the Phoenician…”
Figure 5:Al Taneium or Tuwa
valley at Makkah city 6 km from Beit Allah (Beer Sheba)
In fact the Arabian pre -Islamic historical
narrations offer much more coherent information only if they were made to
surface. For example, Muslims believe that the prophet Mohamed did not initiate
the annual Hajj, which was rather initiated by his great grand father Abraham
and was practiced since then on a wide national and international scale, which
included for example the Persians. Al Massodi and AL Homawi wrote “…the
Farsi people (Persians) in ancient times used to come from Fars (Iran) to Beit
Allah in Makkah with great offerings in appreciation to the holiness of Abraham
and they consider Beit Allah the most sacred temple on earth..”،But who were expected to perform the
pilgrimage (Hajj) in its first initiation stages? They must be Abraham’s sons,
the PatriarchsIsaac, Ishmael and Israel (Jacob) and their descendants.
This is also clearly mentioned in the following quote “…Al-Zobeir
(الزبير)
reported that “..about seventy thousands of the Children of Israel (بني أسرائيل)
used to take off their shoes at Al Taneium and walk bear footed to Beit Alla to
perform Hajj..”
, Al Taneium, is situated about 6 km from Beit Allah ,see
figure 5, it contains now a large mosque and is considered one of the
purification stations for Muslims (mostly children of Ishmael) who intend to
perform Hajj, where they take off their shoes and normal clothing and take a
shower before wearing the 2 pieces white pilgrim clothing in preparation before
heading to Beit Allah. So both the Children of Israel and the children of
Ishmael used to perform Hajj at Beit Allah revealed by their Grandfather. The
interesting part is that the children of Ishmael continued performing Hajj at
the same valley identified by Abraham which happened to be located at the
incense Yamani trade route. While, the children of Israel before Christ time
decided to make themselves a duplicate Bethel at a convenient place in south
Syria located at the Chinese silk trade route. Muslims abandoned this duplicate
position forever when Prophet Mohammed converted the Islamic prayer's direction
– Al Qibla (القبلة)
- from Palestine back to Makkah. Unfortunately, the prophet's valiant act was
not fully understood or properly studied. Consequently, the early Muslims'
explanation to that stunning act was that “the Prophet liked to face
Makkah during prayer and the Lord answered his prophet’s beseech!” and this
crucial and highly revealing prophecy act was closed at this level of shallow
rationalization!
Another interesting clarification found in the
Arabian history is related to the whereabouts of the place were Musa had a
dialog with the Lord. The holy Quran recounts this notable event in the
following verse “[12] "Verily I am
thy Lord! therefore (in My presence) put off thy shoes: thou art in the sacred
valley Tuwa.” The valley of Tuwa is the
same valley which contains Taneium Mosque mentioned above as clearly
evident from the following quote “ …Before
they enter Beit Allah, the Children of Israel used to take of their shoes once
they reached du Tuwa..”. Taneium has always been a sacred place during both pre and post
Islamic era, but most Arabs are unaware that this extraordinary manifestation
could be the foundation for the inherited sanctity. The other precise
information that the Torah missed out is the exact location where the visiting
Angles met Abraham. This sacred extraordinary meeting was mentioned in the Quran
as well as the Torah “[69]
There came Our Messengers to Ibrahim with glad tidings. They said, "Peace! "he
answered, "Peace!" and hastened to entertain them with a roasted calf. [70]
But when he saw their hands went not towards the (meal), he felt some mistrust
of them, and conceived a fear of them. They said: "Fear not: we have been sent
against the people of Lot." According to
Arabic resources the location of this meeting is revealed in this prayer quote:
“...In your glorious and generous name by
which you appeared to Musa at Tur Sina and to Abraham at Musageed Al-khief
before, and to Isaac at Beersheba, and to Jacob at Beit eal (Beit Allah)...”
'Masjeed Al-khief is visited by Muslims annually during Hajj
and it is located at Mena valley's border, refer to photos 5 & 9.
Photo 9: Al-khief mosque near Ishmael Altar
at Mena valley erected in memory of the place where the three angles
visited Abraham.
The above verse mentioned Lot’s people in the
messengers' dialog with Abraham. Lot moved to where those wicked people dwelt
seeking grassland for his cattle: "And
there was strife between the herdsmen of Abram's cattle and the herdsmen of
Lot's cattle: and the Canaanite and the Perizzite dwelt then in the land".
Such strife between herdsmen shouldn't have made Lot to move farther than 1250
km away from Makkah as sketched in the Septuagint's account. Few kilometers from
Paran / Makkah area would provide enough grassland for Lot’s cattle; a fact that
stressed evidently in the holy Quran "[133]
So also was Lot among those sent (by Us). [134] Behold, We delivered him
and his adherents, all [135] Except an old woman who was among those who
lagged behind: [136] Then We destroyed the rest. [137] Verily,
ye pass by their (sites) by day, [138] And by night: will ye not
understand?" (As safat ch 37 verses 133-138)
These verses were direct informative speech to Prophet Mohammed (pbuh) while he
was at Makkah. The verse in question informed him and his followers that "ye
pass by their (sites) by day, [138] And by night: will ye not understand?"
Surely, he understood how close Sodom was from Makkah. Furthermore, the Quran
clearly called for investigation and when reading this verse "[35]
And We have left thereof an evident Sign (of Sodom), for any people who (care
to) understand" (Al – Ankabut ch 29 verse 35).
Unlike the Christens driven expedition missions, the Muslims barley showed any
interest in looking for Sodom in fulfillment of the above verse. The advise
however, offered here for the Christians investigators is that looking for Sodom
on the floor of the Dead sea is a total waste of time and effort as one cannot
consider a concealed village under layers of hard crystal salt at the bottom of
the Dead Sea as an "evident sign" that one can look for! According to both the
Quran and the Syriac Torah, one has to look for Sodom within few kilometers
around Makkah / Paran. It should not be hard to find it if only the Septuagint's
falsified information is declined as a source of sacred sites geographical
locater.
Misrs – The Traders’ service villages:
The word "Misr"
is repeated 5 times in the holy Quran. Four times in reference and one time
description as we read in the following verse which reveals a dialog between
Musa and the children of Israel that took place during the exodus from Misr to
the holy land "[61]
And remember ye said: "O Musa! We cannot endure one kind of food (always); so
beseech thy Lord for us to produce for us of what the earth growth its
pot-herbs, and cucumbers, its garlic, lentils, and onions." He said: "Will ye
exchange the better for the worse? Go ye down to any town, and ye shall
find what ye want!"... " (Al-Baqarah ch 2 verse: 61).
The expression "any town" in the verse is pronounced in the Quran Arabic text as
“Misra” and is mentioned in the Torah as Mosera· .
This indicates that the word “Misr” is not a distinctive expression but rather a
descriptive one. This is exactly what it meant to be as far as the Arabic
language is concerned. Misr in Arabic means destination and it is used to
describe any urban village or town, which used to mark the travelers and traders
final or transitory destination. Accordingly, any urban village or town
interconnected with the traders' national and international routes network is
described as “Misr” to distinguish such urban stations from the others rural
landscapes.
In addition to this descriptive meaning, Misr is
also a word used to describe the process of urbanization. When used in this
context the pronunciation is "Missr" (مصّر).
Both uses of the word Misr is evident in the early Arabic descriptions of the
rural urbanization process as we read in this quote " …the Khalifate Omer Ben Al Katab managed to urbanize
(Missr مصّر))
few Misrs (الامصار)
and he said: the known Misrs are seven, Al Madina is a Misr, Al Sham (South
Syria) is a Misr, Al Khoofa is a Misr, Al Basrah is a Misr …."
Unlike Muslims who almost confined the term Misr to naming a land as vast as
Egypt, the Quran presented the word in its proper context when mentioning Misr.
Therefore as per the verse above, Misr means any urban area where Goods are
stored and traders can congregate along the trade routes to sell, buy or
exchange Goods, as well as to rest or to re-water and re-stock the camel
caravans with food supply. Plenty of research works has been devoted to such
important economical stations in the ancient world especially Arabia. Such
stations are described as "Misrs" and each is called “Misra” as per the Quran or
Mosera as per the Torah. This implies that there should be tens of Misrs
scattered all over Arabia headed by tens of different Kings or Fir’awns or
Sheiks. Accordingly, since we have already mentioned the full name of Mose’s
Fir’awn, what about Abraham’s Fir’awn? He also visited a Misr during his time as
per the Torah. The Arabic history confirms this visit and provides the required
name:“ …Abraham then decidedto leave…He arrived at Misr controlled by one
of the Fir’awns and his name was Sinan (سنان)
Ben Alwan (علوان) Ben Abuid (عبيد)
Ben Owlag (عولج) Ben Amelak (عملاق)
Ben Lawd (لاوذ) Ben Sam
(سام) Ben Noah (نوح) It
is said that he was the brother of Al Dahak (الضحاك) whom appointed him to head Misr."Another set of genuine Hijazi Arabian names. This raises the following
question: Was Abraham's Misr different from his grandson's Yusuf? And the same
question applies to Mose's Misr as well?
What we concluded from the previous sections is
that Abraham resided at Beersheba (Makkah). His son Ishmael was born at Namera (Mamre)
and he therefore must have had his other son Isaac and grandson Jacob at
Beersheba as well. Jacob didn't live far away from Beit Allah since he and his
12 sons (the Israelis nucleus) dwelt in an area close to the trade route around
Makkah. This is obvious from the verse mentioning a dialogue between the
brothers of Yusuf, “[10]
Said one of them: "Slay not Yusuf, but if ye must do something, throw him down
to the bottom of the well: he will be picked up by some caravan of travelers."
(Yusuf ch 12 verse 10). The caravan travelers
picked him up and went to their next destination which is the next Misr on their
trade route. What escaped Yusuf’s brothers is the possibility that he will be
sold at a Misr close to Makkah where they lived. This is obvious from this verse
“[19] Then there came a caravan of
travelers: they sent their water-carrier (for water), and he let down his bucket
(into the well). He said: "Ah there! good news! here is a (fine) young man!" so
they concealed him as a treasure! but Allah knoweth well all that they do!
[20]The (Brethren) sold him for a Miserable price, for a few dirhams
counted out: in such low estimation did they hold him!" (Yusuf ch 12 verse:
20).
Figure 6: Misr as locations as per both
Dawood and Salibi. Both locations are on top of the Surat Mountains in
Asir south of Mokkah
Here is another mistranslation based on a
misunderstanding of what the Quran narrated. The Quran didn't mention who were
the sellers of Yusuf at a Miserable price. All it mentioned was "They
sold him". The early Muslims assumed that the "They" was referring to
Yusuf’s brothers based on Jews false information. In fact "They" is referring to
the merchants as the brothers cleared the area once they dropped Yusuf in the
well. Selling the Goods at low price meant the merchants wanted to get rid of
the new unexpected traveler. He had to be watered and fed and carried over a
camel. Therefore, within few traveling days they offered him for sale in one of
the Misrs along the route at low price to get ride of him. Therefore, we have
good reasons to believe that this Misr should not be far away from Makkah.
Dawood suggested in one of his books that Misr is
located at the top of the Surat mountains about 250 km south of Makkah, see
figurer 6, while Kamal Al Salabi findings puts it further south in the midway
between Al Baha and Al Namas. We believe that both could have been Misrs at some
stage, but none should necessarily be the Misr in which Yusuf was sold. However,
we can add one certain point here which is that the king of Yusuf’s Misr name
indicates that he must have been from the proposed region as indicated in this
quote "...Yusufs lived in al Aziz
(العزيز) house for thirteen years and when he was thirty
years old he was appointed as head of Misr by the king then, who’s name was Al
Rayan (الريان) Ben Al Walied (الوليد) Ben Thoran (ثوران)
Ben Arashah (ارشة) Ben Amro (عمرو )
Ben Amelak (عملاق) Ben Lawad (لاوذ)
Ben Sam (سام)
Ben Noah (نوح)…"،،Another blatant Hijazi full name, which Egyptology
will deny the presence or incrustation in Egypt.
Misr during Yusuf’s time was a mix of multi tribal
Arabs. The Torah called them Mizris. The Israelis were the new settler at that
Misr as they were invited by Yusuf to reside in the Al Rayan Misr. The Israelis
total number on the planet earth then was exactly 13 Arab people, Israel (Jacob)
and his 12 sons including Yusuf in addition to their children who, as per the
Torah, mounted up to 70 persons. Knowing that approximately 200 years separate
Yusuf from Moses, How many progeny can 12 persons multiply in the span of 200
years? The Torah’s exaggerated number is a staggering 600,000 persons when in
fact they should not exceed 3000 at extreme most, including children, men and
women of all ages. Nevertheless, according to many believers and politicians,
those were the "strong workforce" whom are claimed to have built the mighty
pyramids in ancient Egypt!
Photo 10: The real Misr that has been
projected to the world as the mighty Kingdom of Egypt most likely looked
more of a small fort on the trade route similar to this image.
It is note worthy too that only few of the total
Israelis believed in Moses and hence only few of them accompanied him in the
exodus as revealed in the Quran "[83]But none believed in Musa except some children of his People, because of the
fear of Fir'aun and his chiefs, lest they should persecute them; and certainly
Fir'aun was mighty on the earth and one who transgressed all bounds" (Yunus
ch 10 vers 83). Accordingly, the rest of
Israelis remained in Misr and became the new property owners when the news of
the pharaoh's death reached Misr; “[59]Thus it was, but We made the Children of Israel inheritors of such things."
(As shurura ch 26 verse: 59). The rest of the
Misris also had a share in the Misr, as stated in this verse "[28]
Thus (was their end)! and We made other people inherit (those things)!"
(Ad-Dukhan ch 44 verse 28).What concerns us here is the size of this Misr that
was occupied by 3000 Israelis only and say another 3000 non Israelis. That was
the capacity of the land of what is claimed to be the great kingdom of Egypt,
when in fact it was nothing more than a village located near a small fort
situated on the main trade route similar to the one shown in photo 10.
Assuming that Misr's location was to the south of
Makkah, as per Dawood and Al Salibi, then where was Moses heading to when he
left the Misr of the Fir’awn Kabwoos? According to the Torah they headed
to the promised holy land which can't be mistaken for any other place but Makkah
for it contained Beit Allah and Abrahams new home, "…Send
for thee men, and they spy the land of Canaan, which I am giving to the sons of
Israel; one man, one man for the tribe of his fathers ye do send, every one a
prince among them.` 13:3 And Moses sendeth them from the wilderness of Paran by
the command of Jehovah; all of them are men, heads of the sons of Israel they
are," Here we read the familiar names
again, Paran
(فاران)
and Canaan/Kanan(كنان)
of which we already demonstrated the association with Makkah, based on the
Arabian historical records. Equally, it should not be surprising to learn that
the long Arabian history preserved such narrations which describe a region
containing Pharan area “…the
passenger would travel the distance of two stations (Misrs) in the wilderness
area until he reaches Pharan's sea coast where Qaran city was. There the
Pharaoh drowned. The wilderness is about forty square Farsakhs (فرسخ)
in which the Israelis spent 40 years in wandering (التيه)
…”،In another narration we read“…
it is reported that Musa confronted Arab tribes such as Tasum (طسم)
and Jadys (جديس)
and Amalek (العماليق)
and Jurhm (جرهم) and the people of Madun (اهل مدين) and he reached Pharan (Paran) mountain which is
Makkah ….”
All these tribes are Arabs who dwelt in Arabia and Makkah region. In fact
Ishmael's wife was from Jurhm tribe as engraved in the Arabian memory whereas
the Greek Torah claimed her as “Egyptian”. Moreover, the name Kadish (قادش)
(Holy, or Kadesh-Barnea, sacred desert of wandering) where Musa arrived at the
end of the exodus trip is nothing but one of Makkah’s old name as reported by
the Arab ancient historians “…
Kadis (قادس)
is one of the names of Beit Allah. It was called so to express holiness and the
place of purification from sins…”،Furthermore, we read this quote “…I
recall sixteen names for Makkah, one of them is Makkah, Kuthy (كوثي) …
Kadis (قادس)…”.
Regarding the names Gerar (جرار)
and Gaza (غزة),
they are to-date two neighborhoods in Makkah pronounced respectively as “Gerwal”
(جرول)
and “Gaza” (غزة , refer to figurer 5, and both are close to
Beersheba which is known today by the name Beer Zimzum.
The concealed fact: Paran is the old name for Makkah Mountains
surrounding Beit Allah (Bethel). While Abraham was dwelling Namrea with
his first wife Sarah, 17 km away, he erected another house for his
second wife Hagar next to Beersheba or as know today beer Zimzum in
order to revive the most sacred place on earth since Adam and Eve time.
How did the Septuagint do it? – How to hide a
mountain in a desert?
Undoubtedly,
the shifting theory is obvious based on the Arabian historical scripts. The
remaining question is how this historical forgery managed to spread worldwide
and become a holy illusion. The answer lies in the following Quranic verse "[79]
Then woe to those who write the Book with their own hands, and then say: "This
is from Allah," to traffic with it for a Miserable price! Woe to them for what
their hands do write, and for the gain they make thereby." (Al-i-IMran Ch 3
verse 79). The Quran confirms that the forged
information was successfully traffickedbecause it was daredevilry
marketed under the name of "Allah". Obviously, this emotionally masking approach
shrouded the common sense of people and hindered their analyzing abilities
leading to the acceptance of many contradictions and inconsistencies. The
scholars of all three religions chose to ignore the blatant contradictions, or
in extreme cases opted to resolve the resulting ambiguities with supernatural
answers. For instance, to rationalize the notion that Abraham was traveling
between Makkah and Palestine in the Torah given circumstances, one comes across
such narrations as "… While at
Palestine Abraham was requested to take Ishmael and Hagar to Makkah. He
therefore boarded them on the Al-Buraq·and
carried with him water in a goat skin bottle and some dry dates, and headed to
Beit Allah …"''
Bearing in mind how the forged information was
trafficked,we can put forth a scenario for the sequence of events since
the Septuagint was released. During 282 B.C, and while Egypt was under Greek
occupation, the Greek ruler in collaboration with 70 rabbis translated the
Syriac Torah. The following verse most likely was addressing this particular
drastic event "[78] There is
among them a section who distort the Book with their tongues: (as they read) you
would think it is a part of the Book, but it is no part of the Book; and they
say, "That is from Allah," but it is not from Allah: it is they who tell a lie
against Allah, and (well) they know it!"(Al-i-IMran Ch 3 verse
78). The translation which was called the
Septuagint concealed the word "Misr" and replaced it with "Egypt". Ptolemy Ben
Philadelphus would make financial benefits once Egypt becomes a holy land in the
eyes of the western world, while the Jews rabbis would secure a bigger and more
strategic lands for their future offspring under the made up "Promised - land"
saga located on the rich Silk Trade Route as a substitute for the hard to get
Incense Trade Route. The Greek and western people in general started to learn
and educate their children with these forged accounts thinking they were
authentic. The successive Roman empires also adopted the Septuagint as a source
of holy teachings and once they grew into a universal super power, they
effectively enforced and effectively spread the fake history in the old world.
The fragmented and militarily weak Eastern generations were confused between
what their ancestors' memory held with respect to the geographical locations and
that preached by their contemporary successive western superpowers, namely the
Greek and the Romans. The result was apparently the retrogression of the eastern
genuine history in favor of the Roman church which insisted that Egypt was the
land of the exodus and Iraq was the birth place of Abraham as they learned it
from the Septuagint. This was the case for about 800 years before the Quran was
revealed. The Quran like the New Testament stated that forged information had
already spread and settled in the people's belief system and called for
correction. Saturated with the inherited forged information, the early Muslims
appeared not only unaware of the extent of damage done, but also started to
explain the Quran verses in view of what they have already learned from the
early Arab converted Jews who were saturated with the Septuagint teachings.
Consequently, the forged teachings managed to reach the Muslims contemporary
mosques and schools curriculums. What made it worse is that after the Islamic
conquest of Egypt, it gradually lost its ancient name in favor of another name "Misr"
which happened to resemble the biblical name for the place of the exodus. This
made the Muslim generations strongly believe that Egypt, which they exclusively
call Misr, was truly the exodus place.
Reversing the cycle – Diffusing the holy delusion:
Approximately
2280 years had elapsed since the Septuagintwas published. Three main
factors combined to facilitate the successful domination of the forged
information on the ancient as well as the contemporary worlds. These factors
are: 1- Presenting the forged information through sacred channels (70 Rabbis &
Torah) 2- The existence of a political superpower prepared to promote the forged
information amongst the public (Geek Ptolemies followed by the Roman Empires)
3-The believers' ignorance of the fact that their absolute fatalist submission
could be the gateway to their abuse and control (a common behavior amongst most
believers). These pivotal factors are still controlling factors against any
attempt to diffuse the prevailing illusion. The publication of the Septuagintbased bibles will continue regardless of the opposing archeological
discoveries or the denial of the Egyptology findings. Today's images of Ptolemy
Ben Philadelphus discovered the latent power of the old established "holy"
forgery and embarked on making full use of it. Consequently, the implantation of
the “Promised Land” forged legend in the Arab world is systematically pursued by
the highest political powers and organizations not for religious purposes but
rather for political and commercial strategic intentions the main of which is to
physically split the African Arab nations from the Asian ones. This was the
unannounced outcome of the 1905 London conference, which drafted the Arabic
world current state of affairs. The only hope left is educating the believers of
all three religions (Jews, Christians and Muslims) of the nature and the extent
of the historical abuse committed by international politicians and bankers
against their sacred sites and beliefs. However, this is not attainable unless
the scholars, researchers and scientists establish study research task teams,
and make their findings available to the followers of the three most resent
religions.
Conclusion:
Around 282
B.C., masses of ancient Europeans primarily the Greeks
followed by the Romans started to learn the heavenly teachings through a Greek
book translated from a Syriac origin Torah. Seventy Rabbis were the translators
of this book, which contained forged teachings concerning the geographical
whereabouts of the Israeli prophets. The successful trafficking the forged
teachings in a holiness shroud resulted in the creation of tow Bethel (House of
God), two Beersheba, two Kadesh, two pilgrimage places, two Gaza, two kingdom of
heavens, and two centers of earth … etc. The only explanation of the obvious
similarities of events and site names between the Old Testament, which advocates
south Syria as the main biblical theater, and the ancient Arabian History which
indicates that Makkah region was the principal scene, lies in the conclusion
that targeted places had been deliberately shifted from their original
locations. The obvious contradictions and inconsistency of some details within
both the Greek Torah and the post Islamic Arabian history support this
conclusion. Through this paper, it was demonstrated that the Septuagint authors
are to be held accountable for the prevailing universal illusion with respect to
the Patriarchs geography. In fact, they were the intellectual team that
deliberately replaced the name "Misr" with the name "Egypt" in order to pave the
way for the mass removal of the entire holy sites from their original
emplacement and project them all over Iraq, Syria and Egypt in preparation to
activate the "holy" promised-land ideology. This serious copy and past type
forgery could not have been trafficked successfully without the political will
power of Greek Ptolemy Ben Philadelphus who supported the falsification most
probably for tourism and religious attraction purposes. The holy Quran as well
as the New Testament had repeatedly stated that grave falsification had occurred
before the Islamic and Christian eras, which remained unaddressed until this
very moment. The consequences of this ignorance was and is entirely tragic, as
genuine holy places faded away from the majority of believers' awareness
especially the westerns, and false sites erected in place for others, ancient·
nations identities were lost or exchanged, wars waged and political and military
conflicts over land and historical made-up rights stirred. The entire Arabic
world is politically unstable primarily due to made-up disputes over delusive
"holy" lands and sites. This will remain the case as long as today's Ptolemies
are in support of the ancient Septuagint illusion for whatever financial and/or
political drives. Fortunately, the world is rapidly shrinking into a small
village, concealing the truth is becoming increasingly difficult. Unfortunately,
the only other foreseeable way out of the pressed for “promised land” saga and
its inescapable aftermath is dreadfully through the promised Armageddon.
For any required information or further
clarifications, please contact the research and studies division in the
Al-Tajdeed Cultural and Social Society – Kingdom of Bahrain. Email :
tajdeed@tajdeed.org
___________________________________
Egypt
& the Israelites in south west Arabia-Ziad Mouna – UK- ISBN:1-85513-247-8
·Research shows that
the Muslims didn’t call Egypt by the name Misr because it is biblically or
Quranically originated, but rather because the new capital at that time "AL
Fustat" (الفسطاط) was
considered the main fully equipped trading and ruling center and gradually
became the travelers destination. Distention in Arabic language is coincidently
pronounced and written as "Misr'. Therefore, the Muslims called the Fustat
(الفسطاط) city the "Destination" i.e. The Misr. This is how gradually the name
Misr originated and spread though out the valley. Refer to the below reference.
جمعية
التجديد، مملكة البحرين – نداء السراة - اختطاف جغرافيا الأنبياء – ص 110
Salibi, Kamal, The
Bible Came from Arabia, London, Jonathan, 1985
كمال الصليبي - البحث
عن يسوع –ص 31
¨There are other 4
verses which also mention Misr as the homeland of Musa.
This
site contains the Pyramid Texts pronounced in Gipti language. The word
Pharaoh doesn’t exit anywhere in the hundreds of preserved manuscripts:
http://www.pyramidtexts.com/
فقه
الصادق (ع) - السيد محمد صادق الروحاني ج 11 ص 357 :
¨(al 'iber) means
the transient borders.
ª The
Euphrates river mentioned in the above quote is located in Arabia south of
Makkah and has nothing to do with the river in Iraq named after this Arabian
genuine river.
معجم ما استعجم -
البكري الأندلسي ج 1 ص 10
·Note that it is
believed that the revir valley is continuous all the way from the top of the
Surat mountains to north Iraq via the Hafr Albatun valley, therefore authors
added a connection green line to the valley.
§Najaf نجفis a now a
well known city in south Iraq. The word consists of two parts "Ny" (ني) and "Jaf"
(جف) which latterly means as per the Arabic Akkadia dialect "Dry sea" refer to:
نداء
السراة-اختطاف جغرافيا الانبياء –جمعية التجديد الثقافية -2006، الجنة تحت
اقدام السراة- جمعية التجديد الثقافية
·Al-Buraq is a legendary
flying creature some report it looks like a woman headed flying horse others
report it is more of a mix bread between a horse and a mule with 2 wings. All
descriptions of this flying creature are originating from Jewish ancient tales.
THE WORK IS GREAT. MAY ALLAH REWARD YOU. I AM A CONVERT FROM
FRANCE. WHERE CAN I SEE "PARADISE AND THE SURAT MOUNTAINS SEND ME "NEDA
AL SURAT"IN ARABIC OR WHERE AS HTML AND ANY TRANSLATION OF AL_HIJAZ TO
ARABIC FOR MY FRIENDS?
Thanks for you comment you can get the books under our website. www.tajdeed.org We only have it Pdf version or if you are interested we can even send you the books hard copy. looking forward to dork together on shared projects. Regards
BISMILLAH/ASALAMALAIKUM! DEAR AMMAR: I MEANT IN MY LAST POST:
"MAY ALLAH REWARD YOU (NOT 'ALLOW' YOU) FOR YOUR WORK. I AM VERY WILLING
TO WORK WITH YOU AS BEING A FRENCH "JEW" CONVERTED TO ISLAM, IT IS A
DOUBLE DUTY TO SPREAD THIS TRUE COHERENT VERSION OF HISTORY TO RESTORE
JUSTICE FOR OUR PALESTINIAN BROTHERS AND FOR THE WHOLE WORLD THAT IS
CRUSHED ECONOMICALLY BY THE MILITARISTIC,SOCIAL & CULTURAL BLACK
HOLE OF THIS 3000+ YEARS OLD ONGOING ZIONIST FARCE OR PERHAPS MENTAL
ILLNESS AS,BEING A MEDICAL DOCTOR, I PREFER TO DIAGNOSE IT. IT IS A
SCIENTIFIC,ANALYTICAL, ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL NEW PAGE WICH WAS
BROUGHT OUT BY YOU &OTHER HEROS & WHOSE DATA ARE
SELF-EXPLANATORY AND LOGICAL. BEING A SCIENTIST I AM FULLY SATISFIED
THAT IT IS TRUE,& WORKING ON THIS AND FURTHER RESEARCH WILL HAVE
POSITIVE EFFECTS FOR MANKIND. JUST LIKE WHEN COLUMBUS/MAGELLAN'S TRIPS
PROVED THAT THE EARTH IS NOT FLAT BUT ROUND, OR AS COPERNICUS PROVED
THAT THE EARTH TURNED AROUND THE SUN AND NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND AS
WERE THE CHURCH'S DOGMAS ENFORCED BY PENALTY OF DEATH. THIS IS NOT A
"THEORY"AS ZIONIST OLD GUARDS & PSEUDO-HISTORIANS WOULD HAVE IT AS
THEY TRY TO SAVE THEIR MAFIA'S DOINGS, BUT IT IS THE WHOLE "ISRAEL
PROMISED LAND IN PALESTINE" WHICH WAS A FRAUD TILL NOW SINCE IT WAS SOLD
TO CYRUS KING OF PERSIA WHO "INSTALLED" THEM FOR A BRIEF 20 YEARS VAGUE
VASSAL RULE IN HIS LUGGAGE AFTER HE FREED THEM FROM KING OF BABYLON. IT
LASTED ON/OFF NO MORE THAN 2 CENTURIES. IT WAS THE SAME TRICK THE
TOTALLY NON-SEMITE EUROPEAN KHAZAR JEWS PLAYED WITH BRITAIN AND ON WITH
THE USA TODAY FOR 60 YEARS ETHNIC GENOCIDE. MICHAEL-BRADLEY A VERY OPEN
MINDED ANTI-ZIONIST CANADIAN JEWISH WRITER HAS GIVEN ALL HISTORICAL
DETAILS IN EXPANDING ON AMERICAN JEWISH PROF.NOAM CHOMSKY'S
AMERICAN-ISRAELI "AXIS-OF-EVIL",
www.michaelbradley.info/esau/esau-part3.html . Also we can understand
why they are called "Pharisees",(Persians) by the new testament and by
their own books and the Palestiniens &/or "Russians"today. The
word "jew" is a purely recent european/zionist invention intended to
associate them to the roman administrative province called Judea
(Palestine). The british bible used Pharisees and "jew"from
"iwe"(Shakespeare) &it only appears in 16th cy CE. Prof. Ze'ev
Herzog .Chief archeologist.TEL-AVIV UNIVERSITY EXPLAINS HOW THERE WAS
NOTHING OF BIBLE/TORAH BEFORE/AFTER PERSIAN ERA NOR JERUSALEM OF
DAUD/SOLOMON ETC.,NEVER & NEVER. HE ADVISED THE ISRAELIS: "TAKE OFF
YOUR BIBLE FROM THE SHELF AS A HISTORY BOOK OF PALESTINE!",BUT NO ONE
WILL LISTEN AS A DISHONEST FREE COWBOY LANDGRAB IS BETTER THAN THE TRUTH
FOR ZIONIST BRAINWASHERS!...,
WWW.archeologynews.multiply.com/notes/item/15 ,
www.the7thfire.com/new_word_order/zionism/who_are_the_jews.html
,WASALAM,DR.NURDIN/FRANCE
Sorry,there is a mistake in my last post the address must read:
(Dr.Ze'ev Herzog )>
www.the7thfire.com/new_WORLD_order/zionism/who_are_the_jews.html or in
any case type Ze'ev-Herzog in google as I did.. Dear Ammar: I am still
searching for your english research work "Paradise and the Surat
Mountains"in english,mentionned in your paper
"Al_Hijaz_land_of_Abraham.pdf". I can't find it. Can you give me the
www.page for it. Your site is very good but it is all in arabic. Try to
open a window in english,your work is so important. I want also
"Al_Hijaz_"in arabic,even my arab friends can't find it. The english
one (this blog) needs serious spellings review: example,you put Geek for
Greek several times. Geek is the ancient Ethiopian language not that of
Greece! Seriousness must be there if we want to prove the point.We need
arabic summary of "SoratalNeda",it is big,but people have little time
to read it at first.I wish it was in english for me. Could you at least
post a bilingual list of your research works? Tools are important. Many
arab friends refuse to believe me when I explain that Ibrahim/prophets
were in Hijaz. They think I am "against"Koran! After the creation of the
Pharisian,Khazar and anglo-christian "cowboy"zionists now we see the
spontaneous emergence of "Arab zionists"who have fully metabolized the
zionist propaganda. That is why I call zionism a contagious &
dangerous (it kills) mental illness that will destroy the whole world
(including them) and the only medicine/antidote is TRUTH & FACTS!...
DR.KAMAL-SALIBI'S NOT A THEORY BUT IT IS THE OTHER WAY ROUND: previous post the link is Deconstructing the walls of Jericho
Ze'ev
Herzog of Tel Aviv University announced: "the Israelites were never in
Egypt, ... In addition, Herzog's colleague, Israel Finkelstein, claims
the Jews were nothing more .... Copyright 2007-2009 The7thFire.com. All
Rights Reserved. ...
www.the7thfire.com/new_world.../who_are_the_Jews.htm
+THIS ONE PAGE SUMMARY OF DR.LEEMAN'S BOOK QUEEN OF SHEBA AND ISRAEL
see Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and
the Origin of Its Sacred Texts
by Professors Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman./( THEY ARE
THE ARCHEOLOGISTS FROM TEL AVIV UNIV WITH ZEEV-HERZOG. WHO ELSE ARE
MORE QUALIFIED AND YET NOBODY WANTS TO HEAR THEM. THEY ARE COURAGEOUS
TO BE HONEST THERE AS WHO KNOWS WHAT COULD HAPPEN TO SILENCE THEM...)
Concluded:
"There is no trace of evidence after 150 years of search that any
significant Jewish civilisation with some grand Temples ever existed
in Palestine. Thus search for the location of biblical stories has to
be directed southward to central Arabia."
ALSO SEE KAMALSALIBI.BLOGSPOT.COM WHERE DR.KAMALSALIBI WHO IS NOW 80 YRS OLD,MAY HE HAVE A LONG LIFE,WILL ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS
The archaeology of the Land of Israel is completing a process that amounts to a scientific revolution in its field. It is ready to confront the findings of biblical scholarship and of ancient history. But at the same time, we are witnessing a fascinating phenomenon in which all this is simply ignored by the Israeli public. Many of the findings mentioned here have been known for decades...
Nevertheless, these revolutionary views are not penetrating the public
consciousness. About a year ago, my colleague, the historian Prof.
Nadav Ne'eman, published an article in the Culture and Literature
section of Ha'aretz entitled "To Remove the Bible from the Jewish
Bookshelf," but there was no public outcry. Any attempt to question
the reliability of the biblical descriptions is perceived as an
attempt to undermine "our historic right to the land" and as
shattering the myth of the nation that is renewing the ancient Kingdom
of Israel. These symbolic elements constitute such a critical
component of the construction of the Israeli identity that any attempt
to call their veracity into question encounters hostility or silence.
It is of some interest that such tendencies within the Israeli secular
society go hand-in-hand with the outlook among educated Christian
groups.
It turns out that part of Israeli society is ready to recognize the
injustice that was done to the Arab inhabitants of the country and is
willing to accept the principle of equal rights for women - but is not
up to adopting the archaeological facts that shatter the biblical
myth. The blow to the mythical foundations of the Israeli identity is
apparently too threatening, and it is more convenient to turn a blind
eye."
MY POST WAS CUT OFF.THIS WAS THE OF DR.HERZOG HAARETZ COLUMN:PT1/
" Deconstructing the walls of Jericho: Who are the Jews?"
NOTICE: Please Read!
By Ze'ev Herzog (Ha'aretz Magazine, Friday, October 29, 1999)
Following 70 years of intensive excavations in the Land of Israel,
archaeologists have found out: The patriarchs' acts are legendary, the
Israelites did not sojourn in Egypt or make an exodus, they did not
conquer the land. Neither is there any mention of the empire of David
and Solomon, nor of the source of belief in the God of Israel. These
facts have been known for years, but Israel is a stubborn people and
nobody wants to hear about it
This is what archaeologists have learned from their excavations in the
Land of Israel: the Israelites were never in Egypt, did not wander in
the desert, did not conquer the land in a military campaign and did
not pass it on to the 12 tribes of Israel. Perhaps even harder to
swallow is the fact that the united monarchy of David and Solomon,
which is described by the Bible as a regional power, was at most a
small tribal kingdom. And it will come as an unpleasant shock to many
that the God of Israel, Jehovah, had a female consort and that the
early Israelite religion adopted monotheism only in the waning period
of the monarchy and not at Mount Sinai. Most of those who are engaged
in scientific work in the interlocking spheres of the Bible,
archaeology and the history of the Jewish people - and who once went
into the field looking for proof to corroborate the Bible story - now
agree that the historic events relating to the stages of the Jewish
people's emergence are radically different from what that story tells.
In a September 22nd, 2002 speech to visiting Christian Zionists,
Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon asserted, "This land is ours...
God gave us the title deeds..." However, recent scholarly research,
including discoveries by an archaeological team from the University of
Tel Aviv, not only deconstruct the Biblical Old Testament and Torah
stories upon which this claim rests, but grant previously unthinkable
credence to an ancient historian's claim that the Israelites of Exodus
were actually the Hyksos, and therefore of Asiatic origin.
To trace the foundations of this ongoing Biblical bonfire, we must go
back to 1999.
All hell broke loose in Israel in November of that year when Prof.
Ze'ev Herzog of Tel Aviv University announced: "the Israelites were
never in Egypt, did not wander the desert, did not conquer the land,
and did not pass it on to the twelve tribes". Moreover, the Jewish God
YHWH had a female consort - the goddess Asherah!
His conclusion that the kingdom of David and Solomon was at best a
small tribal monarchy, at worst total myth, has made enemies for him
in the camps of traditional Jewish and Christian belief systems. He
asserts: all evidence demonstrates that the Jews did not adopt
monotheism until the 7th Century BCE - a heresy according to the
Biblical tradition dating it to Moses at Mount Sinai.
Tel Aviv University's archaeological investigation at Megiddo and
examination of the six-sided gate there dates it to the 9th Century
BCE, not the 10th Century BCE claimed by the 1960's investigator
Yigael Yadin who attributed it to Solomon. Herzog, moreover, states
that Solomon and David are "entirely absent in the archaeological
record".
PT2/
In addition, Herzog's colleague, Israel Finkelstein, claims the Jews were nothing more than nomadic Canaanites who bartered with the city dwellers.
The team's studies concluded that Jerusalem did not have any central
status until 722 BCE with the destruction of its northern rival
Samaria.
However, the real bombshell is Herzog's discovery of numerous
references to Yahweh having a consort in the form of Asherah.
Inscriptions, written in Hebrew by official Jewish scribes in the 8th
century BCE, were found in numerous sites all over the land. For
Yahweh, supposedly the "One God", to have had a female consort and, of
all people, the goddess Asherah, is dynamite of wide ranging
significance.
But what does all this do to the validity of the "Title Deeds" from
God that Ariel Sharon refers to? Quite apart from the obvious
conclusion that the god assumed to have given the "promised land" to his chosen people was just one god from a pantheon and not the alleged monotheistic only God of the cosmos, Herzog's findings corroborate
theories that have been "out there" for some time.
The Hyksos
Like Herzog, the historian Josephus (c. 37CE - c. 100CE) denied the account of the Hebrews being held in captivity in Egypt, but he went a drastic step further about the racial origins of the Jews, whom he
identified with the Hyksos. He further claimed they did not flee from
Egypt but were evicted due to them being leprous.
It must be said that Josephus has been vilified over the ages as a
Roman collaborator by both Jewish and Christian scholars who have
argued that the dating of the exodus of the "Hebrews" from Egypt in
the Bible positively rules out their identification as Hyksos.
However, Jan Assmann, a prominent Egyptologist at Heidelberg
University, is quite positive in his writings that the Exodus story is
an inversion of the Hyksos expulsion and furthermore that Moses was an
Egyptian.
Likewise, Donald P. Redford, of Toronto University, presents striking
evidence that the Expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt was inverted to
construct the exodus of the Hebrew slaves story in the Torah and Old
Testament. His book, which argued this theory, "Egypt, Canaan, and
Israel in Ancient Times" was Winner of the 1993 Best Scholarly Book in
Archaeology Award of the Biblical Archaeological Society.
There is irrefutable evidence that the Hyksos, a mixed Semitic-Asiatic
group who infiltrated the Nile valley, seized power in Lower Egypt in
the 17th Century BCE. They ruled there from c. 1674 BCE until expelled
when their capital, Avaris, fell to Ahmose around 1567 BCE.
The Hyksos in Egypt worshipped Set, who like ISH.KUR they identified
as a storm deity.
Under the "inversion theory", Jewish scholars in the 7th Century BCE
changed the story from "expelled" to "escaped" and as a further insult
to their enemy, Ahmose, changed and miss-spelt his name to Moses,
presenting him as leader of a Hebrew revolt. But there is also a
strong possibility of two separate origins to the "Moses" character
being merged into one, which I will come to later.
Ahmose's success in 1567 BCE led to the establishment of the 18th
Dynasty in Egypt. ThotMoses III overthrew the transvestite Pharaoh
Atchepsut, and under ThotMoses IV Egyptian conquests extended beyond
the Sinai into Palestine, Syria, reaching Babylonia and included
Canaan.
By the end of this expansion, Amenophis III (1380BCE) ruled an
Egyptian empire whose provinces and colonies bordered what is now
known as Turkey. This empire would have included the regions in which
most of the expelled Hyksos now lived.
PT3/Amenophis IV succeeded the throne in 1353BCE. He established a new
monotheism cult establishing "Aten" as the one supreme god and he
changed his name to Akhenaton. Married to the mysterious Nefertiti,
Akhenaton declared himself a god on earth, intermediary between the
one-god Aten (Ra) and humanity, with his spouse as partner,
effectively displacing Isis and Osiris in the Egyptian Enead.
Declaring all men to be the children of Aten, historians suspect
Akhenaton planned an empire-wide religion. He banned all idolatry, the
use of images to represent god, and banned the idea that there was
more than one supreme god.
It is alongside Akhenaton and his father Amenophis III that we find
the second Moses.
An important figure during this period was confusingly called
Amenophis son of Hapu. He was First Minister (Vizier) to both kings.
He is generally depicted as a scribe, crouching and holding on his
knees a roll of papyrus. He more than anyone was responsible for
authoring the religion in which the old gods were merged into one
living god, Aten, who had been responsible for the creation of the
Earth and of humanity.
The symbol of this god, the sun disk, represented Ra, Horus and the
other gods in one. The sun disk, in symbolism, was supported between
the horns of a bull. The Son of Hapu says this about creation: "I have
come to you who reigns over the gods oh Amon, Lord of the Two Lands,
for you are Re who appears in the sky, who illuminates the earth with
a brilliantly shining eye, who came out of the Nou, who appeared above
the primitive water, who created everything, who generated the great
Enneade of the gods, who created his own flesh and gave birth to his
own form."
The king's overseer of the land of Nubia was a certain Mermose
(spelled both Mermose and Merymose on his sarcophagus in the British
Museum). According to modern historians, in Amenhotep's third year as
king, Mermose took his army far up the Nile, supposedly to quell a
minor rebellion, but actually to secure gold mining territories which
would supply his king with the greatest wealth of any ruler of Egypt.
Recent scholarship has indicated Mermose took his army to the
neighborhood of the confluence of the Nile and Atbara Rivers and
beyond.
But who was this Mermose? According to historian Dawn Breasted, the
Greek translation of this name was Moses. Does Jewish tradition
support this identification?
PT4/
According to Jewish history not included in the Bible, Moses led the
army of Pharaoh to the South, into the land of Kush, and reached the
vicinity of the Atbara River. There he attracted the love of the
princess of the fortress city of Saba, later Meroe. She gave up the
city in exchange for marriage. Biblical confirmation of such a
marriage is to be found in Numbers 12:1. "And Miriam and Aaron spoke
against Moses because of the Ethiopian woman whom he had married: for
he had married an Ethiopian woman."
.."And 'ALHYM' myhla spake unto 'MSHH' hAZsm Moses, and said unto him,
I am 'YHWH' hvhy: And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto
Jacob, by the name of 'AL SHDY' yrs la, but by my name 'YHWH' hvhy was
I NOT known to them"...
-EXODUS 6: 2-3
The archaeology of the Land of Israel is completing a process that
amounts to a scientific revolution in its field. It is ready to
confront the findings of biblical scholarship and of ancient history.
But at the same time, we are witnessing a fascinating phenomenon in
which all this is simply ignored by the Israeli public. Many of the
findings mentioned here have been known for decades. The professional
literature in the spheres of archaeology, Bible and the history of the
Jewish people has addressed them in dozens of books and hundreds of
articles. Even if not all the scholars accept the individual arguments
that inform the examples I cited, the majority have adopted their main
points.
Nevertheless, these revolutionary views are not penetrating the public
consciousness. About a year ago, my colleague, the historian Prof.
Nadav Ne'eman, published an article in the Culture and Literature
section of Ha'aretz entitled "To Remove the Bible from the Jewish
Bookshelf," but there was no public outcry. Any attempt to question
the reliability of the biblical descriptions is perceived as an
attempt to undermine "our historic right to the land" and as
shattering the myth of the nation that is renewing the ancient Kingdom
of Israel. These symbolic elements constitute such a critical
component of the construction of the Israeli identity that any attempt
to call their veracity into question encounters hostility or silence.
It is of some interest that such tendencies within the Israeli secular
society go hand-in-hand with the outlook among educated Christian
groups. I have found a similar hostility in reaction to lectures I
have delivered abroad to groups of Christian bible lovers, though what
upset them was the challenge to the foundations of their
fundamentalist religious belief.
It turns out that part of Israeli society is ready to recognize the
injustice that was done to the Arab inhabitants of the country and is
willing to accept the principle of equal rights for women - but is not
up to adopting the archaeological facts that shatter the biblical
myth. The blow to the mythical foundations of the Israeli identity is
apparently too threatening, and it is more convenient to turn a blind
eye.
SEE HERE THAT ARABIC/BIAN ABRAHAMIC TRADITIONS EXISTED
ALONE,ALONGSIDE,BESIDES AND BEYOND JUDAISM AND CHRISTANITY (OF THE 2
KINDS,I.E:THE PRE/B.C AROONIC ISSA CHRISTIANITY AND THE A.D YESHU/JESUS
PALESTINIAN OTHER ONE AS PER DR.KAMAL-SALIBI IN HIS SCHOLARLY BOOK
"WHO-WAS-JESUS?")
THE Hanifiya
Page 1
THE ORIGINS OF MUSLIMS PRAYER:
SIXTH AND SEVENTH CENTURY RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES ON THE SALĀT
RITUAL
____ A Thesis
presented to
the Faculty of the Graduate School
at the University of Missouri-Columbia
____________
...PAGES 45/46
"In addition to the indigenous traditions discussed above, there was a monotheistic
tradition practiced, what Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham call Hanifiya, “the religion of...
Documents record people who were not necessarily Jewish or Christian but
were distinctly Abrahamic in their beliefs. Unlike other religions discussed in this study,
this monotheistic tradition was not based in a specific community. Rather, the hanif seem
to have lived throughout the peninsula. For example, the name Abraham is found in
unusual frequency in sixth century Negev texts and mosaics.
108
However, there are also
records of monotheists living in or near Mecca. These were known as hunafā (sing.
Hanif).
Zayd ibn ‘Amr is one of four hunafā listed in the Sīrah. Of the four, he is recorded
as the only one who did not convert to Christianity. However, even before leaving Mecca
to search for knowledge of Hanifiya, it is written that “he abandoned the religion of his
people and abstained from idols, animals that had died, blood and things offered to
idols…saying that he worshipped the God of Abraham.”
109
The Sīrah also records him
performing sujud before the Ka’ba. According to Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham, Zayd ibn
‘Amr was killed when traveling south through Mesopotamia and never learned of Islam.
Waraqa ibn Naufal ibn Asad ibn ‘Abdu’l-‘Uzzā, a hanif discussed in detail in this
study’s section on Christianity, is reported to have prayed at the Ka’ba, though there is no
record of him prostrating like Zayd. Waraqa is reported to have referred to his
monotheistic god in relation to Zayd (“my Lord is the Lord of Zayd”), making it possible
that Zayd and Waraqa shared similar prayer methods.
110
Information about the hunafā,
however, must be viewed critically as Uri Rubin writes that “the apologetic nature of
107 Guillaume, 99.
108 Neveo and Koren, 188-9.
109 Guillaume, 99.
110 Rubin, Hanīfiyya and Ka’ba, 284.
Page 54
The Origins of Muslim Prayer
48
these traditions is obvious, their chief aim being to present the prophet as descended from
noble monotheistic ancestors who allegedly never practiced idolatry.”
111
The Qur’an refers to prophets who are not mentioned in other Abrahamic
literature. This also suggests a tradition of non-Jewish or non-Christian monotheism in
Arabia prior to Islam. Figures such as Idris, Dhul Kifi, Dhul Nun, Abu Amir Abd Amr
ibn Sayfi and Abu Qays ibn a-Aslat are named as monotheistic prophets of the
Abrahamic tradition. Yet, their historical context is not given, and their presence in other
monotheistic religions is unaccounted for.
112
This suggests they were specifically Arab
figures, known in the pre-Islamic culture and context, practicing and speaking about a
monotheistic belief system. Information on their practices is unfortunately lacking.
Link below pdf
FROM PREVIOUS POST/IT SHOULD READ: "..what Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham call Hanifiya,the religion of ABRAHAM...".
NOW BESIDES THAT I WANT TO CITE ANOTHER SCHOLARLY ESSAY:
The Non-Semitic Origins of Contemporary Jews
http://mama.indstate.edu/users/mouldmey/index.html
WHICH ELABORATES TWO VERY IMPORTANT POINTS:
POINT 1/
"Perhaps the next step in the above direction of Biblical Arabian research would be to suggest
that the consonantal spelling and the original semantics of the word `BR (ر ب ع) or (ﬠכּרּ) could
be reexamined as perhaps nothing more and nothing less than a metathesis and a transposition
of the word `RB (ب ر ع) or (ﬠרּכּ) (see also Wolfenson 1929, 164-165). The two words have the
same consonantal roots and are derived from the word “Arabah” (“desert” in Hebrew) which in
Arabic refers to “Arabia” as well as to a specific area “near Medina,” according to Arab
historians as well as to Ibn Mandhoor’s “Lisaan Al Arab” and Fayruz Abaadi’s “Al Qaamoos
Al Muheet.” If such a hypothesis is demonstrated, one can argue that “Arabic” and “Hebrew”
were no more than two Arabian variations (with two different scripts) of the same language as
Ibn Hazm wrote ten centuries ago. In the Bible, the noun “Arabs” (sometimes “Arabians” or
“people of Arabia”) is applied to the Bedouins or Arab nomads (2 Chronicles 17:11; 21:16;
22:1; 26:7; Nehemia 2:19; 4:7; 6:1; Isaiah 13:20; 21:13; Jeremiah 3:2). Genesis 14:13 refers to
Abram “the Hebrew” while Genesis 39:14,17 and Genesis 41:12 refer to Joseph as “this
Hebrew.” The Quran states that Joseph’s family was brought out of “the Bedouin life” or
“from the desert” (Quran 12:100). Moses refers to Israel (Jacob) as a “wandering Aramaean”?
(Deuteronomy 26:5), which can mean an Arab Bedouin. South Arabian inscriptions
(Margoliouth 1924) refer to the word “Arab” as Bedouin and so does the Quran for the word
“A`rāb” (Quran 9:90,97,98,99,101,120; 33:20; 48:11,16; 49:14).."
POINT2/ THAT MODERN HEBREW IS NOT A SEMITIC LANGUAGE BUT A
SLAVONIC ONE:SOBHIC/YIDDISH WHICH HAS ADOPTED ONLY A SEMITIC VOCABULARY
FROM LONG EXTINCT BIBLE HEBREW-A FORM OF ARAMAIC ARABIC:
.."As Biblical history increasingly points to Arabia, the history and ancestry of the bulk of
contemporary Jews increasingly point to a non-Semitic history and ancestry. First, the claim of
a large-scale Jewish migration from Palestine to Europe during the Roman occupation of Judea
in the 1st century A.D lacks historical documentation. It has also been argued that “the fact that
Palestinian Christianity spread to Europe in the absence of mass migration of Palestinian
Christians to Europe suggests that Judaism also could have taken root in many parts of Europe
in the absence of a large-scale Jewish migration” (Wexler 2002, 549). Second, the non-Semitic
origins of contemporary Jews has been strongly and consistently argued in scholarly works
such as Arthur Koestler’s “The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and its Heritage;” Michael
Bradley’s “Chosen People from the Caucasus: Jewish Origins, Delusions, Deceptions and
Historical Role in the Slave Trade, Genocide and Cultural Colonization;” and Paul Wexler’s
four books: (1) “The Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic Language in Search of a
Semitic Past;” (2) “The Ashkenazic Jews: A Slavo-Turkic People in Search of a Jewish
Identity;” (3) “The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews;” and (4) “Two-tiered
Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars, and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect” (Koestler
1970; Bradley 1992; Wexler 1990; 1993; 1996; 2002). There is also evidence that many
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Spanish Jews came originally from the north and many North African Jews came from Spain
(Postan 1970; Holmio 1949; Lewis 1986; Aranov 1979). The failure to produce historical
documentation for the Israelites in Palestine or to document that contemporary Jews were
descendants of Jewish migrants from Roman-occupied Palestine opened the door wide to
Biblical archaeology in Palestine. Biblical Archaeology Found No Trace of the Israelites in Palestine
Zionist historiography asserts that archeology in Israel “has provided a valuable link between
the country’s past and present, with thousands of years of history unearthed at some 3,500
sites” (Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2003c). Yet these unearthed sites did not show
evidence for the Biblical Israelites in Palestine. This was the conclusion repeated by leading
American, British, Arab, and Israeli researchers in Biblical archaeology and history. Biblical
archaeology was initially led by John Hopkins University Professor of Semitic Languages
William Foxwell Albright who came to Palestine in 1919. He must have been encouraged by
the “politically correct” atmosphere created by the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and the British
occupation and Mandate of Palestine (1917-1948) as well as the subsequent creation of the
State of Israel in 1948. His research aimed at “dovetailing” Israelite history with “profane”
history and “scientific rationalism” with “evangelical faith” (Long 1993, 37, 42). He was
anchored at the American Schools of Oriental Research founded in 1900 and renamed after
him in 1970 (American Schools of Oriental Research 2004). But a couple of decades after his
arrival in Palestine, Albright could not hide his disappointment with the potential of the whole
enterprise of biblical archaeology in Palestine: “The scholar finds himself in an anomalous
position as soon as he turns from Egypt and Mesopotamia to Palestine and Syria. /CONTINUED...
Virtually all his comparative data from the former land are derived from written documents and mural
reliefs whereas nearly all the material from the latter consists of building remains and artifacts
without writing or pictoral representations” (Albright 1938, 3). This candid observation
continues to provide the best epistemological explanation for the failure of Biblical
archaeology to prove that Palestine was actually the Biblical land of Canaan.
British archaeologist Michael Rice (who worked for decades in the Arab world) concludes that
the efforts of Israeli archaeologists and their European and American colleagues “have
produced nothing of proven archaeological value” that demonstrates that the Israelites were
ever in Palestine (Rice 1994, 114). In addition to the lack of archaeological evidence for David
or Solomon (in the ardently excavated levels of Jerusalem) or for Moses, the captivity in
Egypt, or the Exodus, one also finds that the great Biblical events left no trace in the annals of
the Egyptians and the Babylonians (Rice 1994, 114-116). University of Stirling Professor of
Religious Studies Kith Whitelam presents Biblical studies within the colonial context as “a
discourse of power” and “a rhetoric of representation” passed down without examination and
designed to dispossess the Palestinians of their land and their past (Whitelam 1997, 235). For
instance, the excavation of at least 23 levels of occupation in Jericho (the first walled city)
shows “no sign of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, the slavery in Egypt, or anyone wandering in the
desert” and no proof that Jericho’s fabled walls “came tumbling down” after Joshua captured
the city (Adams 1999). American University of Beirut Professor of History Kamal Salibi
comes to similar conclusions: “First, traces of the origins of the Hebrews in Mesopotamia, and
their assumed migration from there to Palestine by way of North Syria, have been diligently
sought for over a century but never actually found. Second, no incontrovertible traces of an
Israelite captivity in Egypt, or of an Israelite exodus from there at any period of antiquity, have
yet been discovered” (Salibi 1985, 24). Salibi added that the place-names mentioned in the so-
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8
called “Amarna Letters” were West Arabian place-names and that the Egyptian and
Mesopotamian expeditions and invasions of Sheshonk I, Necho II, Sargon II, and
Nebuchadnezzar were directed against West Arabia, not against Palestine and Syria (Salibi
1985, 24).
These critical findings about ancient history are deepening the crisis of identity in Israel. Haim
Watzman cited one example of the agonizing questions that he thinks haunt the Zionized Jews’
collective and individual identity: “If ABRAHAM, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and David aren’t
proven, how am I supposed to live with that?” He noted that this question came from the
crowded back row of an auditorium at Ben-Gurion University during a conference titled “Has
the Biblical Period Disappeared?” (Watzman 2000, A19-A20).
Tel Aviv University Professor
of Archaeology Ze’ev Herzog’s research on the Canaanite cities in the Late Bronze Age shed
more light on how Zionist ideology influences the interpretation of archaeology because the
latter “served as a tool in building a national identity of modern Israelis.” He argued that “a
thorough examination of the archaeological findings free of preconception displays that the
city of the Late Bronze Age is essentially different from the Canaanite city as it was presented,
and is still presented, by historians, Biblical scholars and archaeologists” (Herzog 2003). He
summed up the major archaeological findings of 70 years of intensive excavations in Palestine:
“The patriarchs’ acts are legendary, the Israelites did not sojourn in Egypt or make an exodus,
they did not conquer the land. Neither is there any mention of the empire of David and
Solomon, nor of the source of belief in the God of Israel.
..These facts have been known for
years, but Israel is a stubborn people and nobody wants to hear about it” (Herzog 1999).
Commenting on Herzog’s findings, Tel Aviv University Professor of Archaeology Israel
Finkelstein noted that “today more than 90% of scholars agree that there was no Exodus from
Egypt” (Finkelstein 2004)..
NOW THERE IS A COROLLARY TO THAT AND THAT IS THAT IT IS ALSO
DANGEROUS TO TELL THE TRUTH AS THE ASSASINATION OF PROF.GLOCK INDICATES:
"Zionist fear of this consensus among scholars could well have something to do with the
mysterious and brutal murder of prominent American clergyman and archaeologist Albert E.
Glock after he “became increasingly convinced that Western Biblical scholarship and Israeli
archaeology had collaborated in robbing the Palestinians of their history and rightful heritage”
(Dever 2002). Albert Glock’s predecessor at the American School of Oriental Research in
Jerusalem was University of Arizona Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology and
Anthropology William Dever who too attests to the impasse of Biblical archaeology. Dever
has nearly 200 publications and substantive reviews. He has trained a whole generation of
archaeologists, supervised 15 doctoral degrees and 6 master’s degrees, won cumulative post-
doctoral grants amounting to $1.3 million, and earned fellowships and academic honors for
distinction in archaeology from Israel. After such a long and productive career in Biblical
archaeology and a strong commitment to write the history of Israel based on archaeological
evidence, William Dever admits that the Biblical “accounts of escape from Egypt, of
wandering in the wilderness, and of massive conquests in Transjordan are overwhelmingly
contradicted by the archaeological evidence. That may make many uncomfortable, but it is a
fact, one from which no open-minded person can escape” (Dever 2003, 227; 2004)"
The Linguistic Track Leads Biblical Hebrew to Arabia and Zionist Hebrew to Khazaria
The linguistic track for the Semitic claim consists essentially of tracking down the received
consonantal Biblical Hebrew (as distinct from Rabbinical Hebrew) as the language of the
Israelites and Modern Hebrew (hereinafter referred to as Zionist Hebrew) as the language of
the Israelis. There are two major critical findings in this area. The first considers Biblical
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9
Hebrew “a virtually unknown language to be deciphered afresh” (Salibi 1985, 27). The second
considers Zionist Hebrew a Slavic language (Wexler 2002, 4). Already eleventh century Ibn
Hazm (994-1064 AD) had compared the linguistic relationship between Arabic, Hebrew, and
Syriac to that between dialects of the same languages (Ibn Hazm 1978, 36). The silence of the
Hebrew Bible about a separate and specific Arabic language and the silence of the Quran about
a separate and specific Hebrew language are quite remarkable and could be interpreted in the
context of Ibn Hazm’s comparison. In modern times D. S. Margoliouth saw the linguistic clue
as “practically the one which we can follow” to trace the Israelites to Arabia (Margoliouth
1924, 13). He wrote that the “extraordinary persistence of the Arabic language” links its
literary forms to remote antiquity and seems to lie behind “the versification” of the Hebrew
Bible, as Arabic grammar lies behind Hebrew grammar (Margoliouth 1924, 44-45). Gotthelf
Bergsträsser has also noticed a great break between Zionist Hebrew and Biblical Hebrew
(Gotthelf 1983, 64).
But it seems that Kamal Salibi was the first to consider both Rabbinical Hebrew and Zionist
Hebrew as derivative languages, which “provide no key for unraveling the mysteries of the
Biblical Hebrew from which they were academically derived” (Salibi 1998, 6). He stresses that
the received consonantal Hebrew Bible has been “consistently mistranslated” and those
involved in its interpretation and vocalization between the sixth and tenth centuries A.D. “did
not know Hebrew as a spoken language” because it had passed out of common usage about
1000 years earlier (Salibi 1985, 3). Therefore the Hebrew Bible was essentially redacted,
compiled, and in some cases authored by scholars and writers (such as the Babylonian and
Palestinian Masoretes as well as those who produced the Septuagint in Hellenistic Alexandria)
whose day-to-day language was not Biblical Hebrew (Salibi 1998, 5). Naturally those writers
faced many problems of interpretation and vocalization while they worked hard to avoid
committing the sacrilege of altering the received consonantal spelling of the Hebrew Bible.
This is why the Masoretes often resorted to producing notes advising that some words are
“written but not to be read” (kethiybh we lo’qerey) whereas other words are “to be read but not
written” (qerey we lo’ kethiybh) (Salibi 1998, 16). Salibi concludes that to read and understand
the consonantal Hebrew Bible, Arabic is better equipped than the academically derived and
never spoken language of Rabbinical Hebrew (let alone Zionist Hebrew). The correct speech
of Arabic was to be learned from the Bedouin Arabs. Quran 33:20 refers to the “A`rāb” and the
Bedouins as almost synonymous. Prophet Muhammad’s biography relates that he was sent
during his childhood to the desert in order that he should learn the pure form of Arabic from
the Bedouins. Tame Bedouins were kept at the court of the early Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad
for the purpose of replying to questions on Arabic grammar (Margoliouth 1924). As the
linguistic track of Biblical Hebrew and its speakers seems to lead to Arabia, the linguistic track
of Zionist Hebrew and its speakers seems to lead somewhere else.
Arthur Koestler described Yiddish as “a curious amalgam of Hebrew, mediaeval German,
Slavonic and other elements, written in Hebrew characters” and spoken by Jewish masses in
Eastern Europe (Koestler 1970). To be sure, this description of the hybrid nature of Yiddish
could well be applied to the ethnogenesis of contemporary Jews themselves. Though Yiddish
is now a dying language, it seems that the urgency of the Semitic claim has made it a subject of
much academic research in the United States and Israel in an attempt to reconstruct and plot
the migration of the Jews (Johnson 1996). The early explanation of the origin of Yiddish says
that it began along the Rhine River in Germany. But the most current explanation argues that
Yiddish began when Slavs and Turks converted in mass to Judaism in the Middle Ages
(Johnson 1996)
NOW BEING A FRENCHMAN I WOULD LIKE TO CONTRIBUTE FROM MY PERSONAL
EXPERIENCE ON THIS POINT:.."the consonantal spelling and the original
semantics of the word `BR (ر ب ع) or (ﬠכּרּ) could
be reexamined as perhaps nothing more and nothing less than a metathesis and a transposition
of
the word `RB (ب ر ع) or (ﬠרּכּ)"..AND PLEASE EXCUSE ME AS BEING A
MEDICAL DOCTOR,I AM NO PROFESSIONAL HISTORIAN BUT THIS TOPIC SHOULD
CONCERN MANY AS ITS IMPLICATIONS/FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN GEOPOLITICS OF
THE JUDEOCHRISTIAN ZIONIST VARIETY.
I WANT TO SAY THAT IN THE
FRENCH SLANG CALLED "VERLAN"TODAY WHICH IS PRECISELY EVOLVING AS A
RESULT OF THE MEETING OF THE 10% ARABO-BERBER NORTH AFRICAN IMMIGRANTS
WITH THE REST OF FRENCH POPULATION THE METATHESIS AND TRANSPOSITION
OCCURS IN THE SAME WAY.
EXAMPLE:AN ARAB/FR.ARABE=(CONS.)RB
BECOMES IN COMMON VERLAN A BR PRONOUNCED BEUR (the EU vowel sound is a
typical french vowel sound pronounced like u in DUG/BUG which could be a
u like "you" in spanish or i in russian etc,..). This language,marginal
at first, is now known and used by everybody.
so this tongue is used in special ways and as synonyms or in
common sentences from the president to the press etc,..BUT it is not
taught in schools,so it has no official history and origins.
The
kids from immigrant and suburbian communities who started it intended to
have a language of their own to communicate in a code but using the
basic lexicon. They intended to show their difference while at the same
time their code which was a "lingua franca" of sorts is easily
cracked.But not so easily as one needs to train his ear.
A few examples:JEW/FR.=JUIF=FEUJ,
COP/FR.FLIC=KEUF,
WOMAN/FR.FEMME=MEUF,
FEAST,PARTY/FR.FETE=TEUF,ETC..,.
SO
WE CAN ASSUME A GROUP IN ARABIC SOCIETY NOT A TRIBE OR ANOTHER RACE
..BUT JUST WITH A COMMON BELIEF USING THIS MANIP WHICH IS COMMON AND
KNOWN IN LINGUISTICS TO BE KNOWN AS "BR" BY THE "RB" AS HAPPENS TODAY IN
FRANCE WHEN THE PRESIDENT TALKS OF RIGHTS FOR THE BEURS=ARABES
(FEMININE=BEURETTE(S) WITH FRENCH ENDING).NOTE THAT THOSE BEURS ARE BORN
IN FRANCE AND DO NOT SPEAK ANCESTRAL MAGHREBI LANGUAGES BUT IN SOME WAY
BESIDES BEING NOTHING BUT FRENCH SOMEHOW THEY ARE STILL SEEN AS A GROUP
'AMONG OTHERS).
OR TAKE THE EXAMPLE OF,SAY,THE LEBANESE. THEY MAY HAVE DIFFERENT
RELIGIONS ETC,..BUT SOMEHOW THEY WILL IDENTIFY AS LEBANESE BECAUSE OF
THEIR GEOGRAPHY,THEIR FOODS,HABITS,PSYCHOLOGY,HISTORY ETC.
AND THEY
KNOW THEY ARE LEBANESE.. WHEN A MARONITE MEETS A DRUZE OR SHIA OR A
SUNNI. BUT AT THE SAME TIME SOMEHOW THEY CAN FEEL OR BE DIFFERENT IN
THEIR OWN PERCEPTION,AMBITIONS ETC IN THEIR OWN EYES AND THOSE OF OTHER
FOREIGNERS AS WELL, ALTHOUGH THEIR GENES ARE THE SAME MOSTLY FOR
THOUSANDS OF YEARS. CERTAIN CHRISTIAN LEBANESE MAY FEEL "FRENCH" OR
"WESTERN"AS THEY WERE GIVEN A FAVOUR TREATMENT UNDER FRENCH COLONIAL
RULE AND GIVEN EASY ACCESS TO PRIVILEGES,CITIZENSHIP ETC AND WHICH WERE
NOT GIVEN TO OTHERS. THE SAME IS TRUE IN AMERICA WHEN THE TALK OF
FINDING "ARABIAN"AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVES,POLITICIAN OR ARMY MEN. IN
SUCH CASES THE DIFFERENTIATION COMES AS MUCH OR MORE FROM THE OUTSIDERS
THAN FROM THE ORIGINAL PROTAGONISTS BUT WITH TIME THE GROUPS CAN OR
COULD FEEL ALIEN TO EACH OTHER. THAT IS MY OPINION AND NOT ONLY FOR LEBANON BUT ALL OVER AND IN TIMES PAST ALSO.
AGAIN FROM http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:http://faculty.isuad.indstate.edu/mouldmey/NSOCJ.PDF
MODERN HEBREW IS DERIVED FROM SORBIAN,A EUROPEAN LANGUAGE/
"The early explanation of the origin of Yiddish says
that it began along the Rhine River in Germany. But the most current explanation argues that
Yiddish began when Slavs and Turks converted in mass to Judaism in the Middle Ages
(Johnson 1996).
Page 10
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Paul Wexler is perhaps the leading linguist under whose scholarship this explanation is gaining
ground, especially since demographic studies have undermined the Rhine River explanation by
indicating that during the Middle Ages the number of Jews in Western Europe was less than
35,000 (Johnson 1996). Wexler’s research took issue not only with the Jewish Semitic claim
but also with Semitic claims about Yiddish and Zionist Hebrew (Wexler 1990; 1993; 1996;
2002). Using linguistic and ethnographic data, he conducted a thoughtful investigation on the
geography of Jewish ethnogenesis. His findings reject the idea of the continuity of “the Jewish
people” through time and space as well as the widely held views that contemporary Jews have
an ancestral homeland in Palestine with nearly four thousand years of unbroken history.
Therefore, he argued, “it is incorrect to view the contemporary Jews as descendants of the
ancient Palestinian Jews or contemporary Jewish religious expression and folkways as
uninterrupted evolutions of Palestinian talmudic Judaism and folkways” (Wexler 1993, 244).
Moreover, “all contemporary forms of Judaism and Jewish culture are relatively recently
‘Judaized’ non-Jewish constructs rather than direct evolutions of Old Palestinian Judaism and
Jewish culture” (Wexler 1996, 2). Wexler presents his conclusions about Yiddish and Zionist
Hebrew and added that Yiddish offers the most reliable indication of the fate of the “lost”
Khazar Jewry and the most compelling evidence for the claim that contemporary Ashkenazic
Jews are not descendants of Palestinian Jews (Wexler 2002, 4-7):
1.
Yiddish is not a variant of High German, as is commonly maintained. Rather
it is a Slavic language, specifically a form of Sorbian. Yiddish developed
when Jewish speakers of Sorbian made a partial language shift to High
German vocabulary between the 9th and 12th centuries. In the relexification
of Yiddish only the Slavic lexicon was replaced by German, whereas the
original Sorbian syntactic and phonological systems were retained (therefore
keeping Yiddish as a member of the Slavic family of languages).
2.
Modern Israeli Hebrew (or Zionist Hebrew) is not a “revived” form of Old
Hebrew, as is commonly maintained. Rather it is a derivative of Yiddish,
and thus is also a Slavic language. Since the “linguistic revival” is
impossible, Modern Israeli Hebrew cannot be considered a “revived” form
of Biblical Hebrew because it utilizes the syntactic and phonological systems
of Yiddish, with only the vocabulary being of mainly Biblical Hebrew.
Therefore Modern Israeli Hebrew and its genetic parent Yiddish must be
defined as Slavic languages. As a relexified form of Yiddish, Modern Israeli
Hebrew differs only in its predominantly Biblical Hebrew vocabulary.
Yiddish is the first twice-relexified non-creole language to be so identified
(Wexler 1990; 1993, 241-242; 1996, 7-8; 2002, 4-7)"
Dr.Bernard-Leeman and his book "Queen-of-Sheba-and-Israel"
indepedently confirms Dr.Kamal-Salibi from Geez -language Kebra-Nagast
(www.queenofsheba.info/files/part-1.pdf ) and for the complete file of
Al-hijaz with the satellite pictures download at
www.Al_Hijaz_Land_Of_Abraham.pdf also see google/ Dr.Michael-Sanders
(Moses-in-Yemen)
UNDERSTANDING ZIONIST CREATION OF ISRAEL BY AMERICAN JEWISH POLITICAL HISTORIAN R.SCHOENMAN
THE
BOOK SHOWS ZIONISM AS A RACIST CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY AND FIRST OF ALL
AGAINST JEWS ARE VICTIMS,PAST AND FUTURE-IN ADDITION,OFCOURSE TO THE
PALESTINIANS AND THE INCREDIBLE WASTE OF WORLD WEALTH TROUGH THE
POLITICAL STRANGLEHOLD OF ISRAEL ON ITS VASSAL TRIBUTARY STATES OF:
AMERICA,EUROPE ETC,WHO ARE FORCED TO MILITARY RACKETEERING ON ITS BEHALF
LEADING WORLD TO TOTAL BANKRUPCY.
If the colonization of Palestine has been characterized by a series of
depredations, we should take a moment to examine the attitude of the
Zionist movement not only toward its Palestinian victims (to which we
shall return), but toward the Jews themselves.
Herzl himself wrote of the Jews in the following fashion: “I achieved
a freer attitude toward anti-Semitism, which I now began to understand
historically and to pardon. Above all, I recognized the emptiness and
futility of trying to ’combat’ anti-Semitism." [76] The youth
organization of the Zionists, Hashomer Hatzair (young Guard) published
the following: "A Jew is a caricature of a normal, natural human
being, both physically and spiritually. As an individual in society he
revolts and throws off the harness of social obligations, knows no
order nor discipline." [77] "The Jewish people," wrote Jabotinsky in
the same vein, "is a very bad people; its neighbors hate it and
rightly so ... its only salvation lies in a general immigration to the
land of Israel." [78] The founders of Zionism despaired of combatting
anti-Semitism and, paradoxically, regarded the anti-Semites themselves
as allies, because of a shared desire to remove the Jews from the
countries in which they lived. Step by step, they assimilated the
values of Jew-hatred and anti-Semitism, as the Zionist movement came
to regard the anti-Semites themselves as their most reliable sponsors
and protectors.
Theodor Herzl approached none other than Count Von Plehve, the author
of the worst pogroms in Russia - the pogroms of Kishinev with the
following proposition: "Help me to reach the land [Palestine] sooner
and the revolt [against Czarist rule] will end." [79] Von Plehve
agreed, and he undertook to finance the Zionist movement. He was later
to complain to Herzl: “The Jews have been joining the revolutionary
parties. We were sympathetic to your Zionist movement as long as it
worked toward emigration. You don’t have to justify the movement to
me. You are preaching to a convert." [80] Herzl and Weizmann offered
to help guarantee Czarist interests in Palestine and to rid Eastern
Europe and Russia of those "noxious and subversive Anarcho-Bolshevik
Jews"./CONTPT2
As we have noted, the same appeal was made by the Zionists to the
Sultan of Turkey, the Kaiser in Germany, to French imperialism and to
the British Raj.
Zionism and Fascism
The history of Zionism - largely suppressed - is sordid.
Mussolini set up squadrons of the Revisionist Zionist youth movement,
Betar, in black shirts in emulation of his own Fascist bands.
When Menachem Begin became chief of Betar, he preferred the brown
shirts of the Hitler gangs, a uniform Begin and Betar members wore to
all meetings and rallies - at which they greeted each other and opened
and closed meetings with the fascist salute.
Simon Petilura was a Ukrainian fascist who personally directed pogroms
which killed 28,000 Jews in 897 separate pogroms. Jabotinsky
negotiated an alliance with Petilura, proposing a Jewish police force
to accompany Petilura’s forces in their counter-revolutionary fight
against the Red Army and the Bolshevik Revolution - a process
involving the murder of peasant, worker and intellectual supporters of
the revolution.
Collaborating with the Nazis
This strategy of enlisting Europe’s virulent Jew-haters, and of
aligning with the most vicious movements and regimes as financial and
military patrons of a Zionist colony in Pale/CONT PT3
Collaborating with the Nazis
This strategy of enlisting Europe’s virulent Jew-haters, and of
aligning with the most vicious movements and regimes as financial and
military patrons of a Zionist colony in Palestine, did not exclude the
Nazis.
The Zionist Federation of Germany sent a memorandum of support to the
Nazi Party on June 21, 1933. In it the Federation noted:
... a rebirth of national life such as is occurring in German life
... must also take place in the Jewish national group.
On the foundation of the new [Nazi] state which has established
the principle of race, we wish so to fit our community into the total
structure so that for us, too, in the sphere assigned to us, fruitful
activity for the Fatherland is possible ... [81]
Far from repudiating this policy, the World Zionist Organization
Congress in 1933 defeated a resolution calling for action against
Hitler by a vote of 240 to 43.
During this very Congress, Hitler announced a trade agreement with the
WZO’s Anglo-Palestine Bank, breaking, thereby, the Jewish boycott of
the Nazi regime at a time when the German economy was extremely
vulnerable. It was the height of the Depression and people were
wheeling barrels full of worthless German Marks. The World Zionist
Organization broke the Jewish boycott and became the principal
distributor of Nazi goods throughout the Middle East and Northern
Europe. They established the Ha’avara, which was a bank in Palestine
designed to receive monies from the German-Jewish bourgeoisie, with
which sums Nazi goods were purchased in very substantial quantity.
CONT/PT4
Consequently, the Zionists brought Baron Von Mildenstein of the S.S.
Security Service to Palestine for a six-month visit in support of
Zionism. This visit led to a twelve-part report by Joseph Goebbels,
Hitler’s Minister of Propaganda, in Der Angriff (The Assault) in 1934
praising Zionism. Goebbels ordered a medallion struck with the
Swastika on one side, and on the other, the Zionist Star of David. In
May 1935, Reinhardt Heydrich, the chief of the S.S. Security Service,
wrote an article in which he separated Jews into "two categories." The
Jews he favored were the Zionists: "Our good wishes together with our
official good will go with them."[82] In 1937, the Labor "socialist"
Zionist militia, the Haganah (founded by Jabotinsky) sent an agent
(Feivel Polkes) to Berlin offering to spy for the S.S. Security
Service in exchange for the release of Jewish wealth for Zionist
colonization. Adolf Eichmann was invited to Palestine as the guest of
the Haganah.
Feivel Polkes informed Eichmann:
Jewish nationalist circles were very pleased with the radical
German policy, since the strength of the Jewish population in
Palestine would be so far increased thereby that in the foreseeable
future the Jews could reckon upon numerical superiority over the
Arabs. [83]
The list of acts of Zionist collaboration with the Nazis goes on and
on. What can account for this incredible willingness of Zionist
leaders to betray the Jews of Europe? The entire rationale for the
state of Israel offered by its apologists has been that it was
intended to be the refuge of Jews facing persecution.
The Zionists, to the contrary, saw any effort to rescue Europe’s Jews
not as the fulfilment of their political purpose but as a threat to
their entire movement. If Europe’s Jews were saved, they would wish to
go elsewhere and the rescue operation would have nothing to do with
the Zionist project of conquering Palestine.
The correlative to the acts of collaboration with the Nazis throughout
the 1930’s was that when attempts to change the immigration laws of
the United States and Western Europe were contemplated in order to
provide token refuge for persecuted Jews of Europe, it was the
Zionists who actively organized to stop these efforts.
Ben Gurion informed a meeting of Labor Zionists in Great Britain in
1938: "If I knew that it would be possible to save all the children in
Germany by bringing them over to England and only half of them by
transporting them to Eretz Israel, then I opt for the second
alternative." [84] This obsession with colonizing Palestine and
overwhelming the Arabs led the Zionist movement to oppose any rescue
of the Jews facing extermination, because the ability to deflect
select manpower to Palestine would be impeded. From 1933 to 1935, the
WZO turned down two-thirds of all the German Jews who applied for
immigration certificates.
Berel Katznelson, editor of the Labor Zionist Davar, described the
"cruel criteria of Zionism": German Jews were too old to bear children
in Palestine, lacked trades for building a Zionist colony, didn’t
speak Hebrew and weren’t Zionists. In place of these Jews facing
extermination the WZO brought to Palestine 6,000 trained young
Zionists from the United States, Britain and other safe countries.
Worse than this, the WZO not merely failed to seek any alternative for
the Jews facing the Holocaust, the Zionist leadership opposed
belligerently all efforts to find refuge for fleeing Jews.
As late as 1943, while the Jews of Europe were being exterminated in
their millions, the U.S. Congress proposed to set up a commission to
"study" the problem. Rabbi Stephen Wise, who was the principal
American spokesperson for Zionism, came to Washington to testify
against the rescue bill because it would divert attention from the
colonization of Palestine.
This is the same Rabbi Wise who, in 1938, in his capacity as leader of
the American Jewish Congress, wrote a letter in which he opposed any
change in U.S. immigration laws which would enable Jews to find
refuge. He stated:
It may interest you to know that some weeks ago the
representatives of all the leading Jewish organizations met in
conference ... It was decided that no Jewish organization would, at
this time, sponsor a bill which would in any way alter the immigration
laws. [85]
Fighting Asylum
The entire Zionist establishment made its position unmistakable in its
response to a motion by 227 British members of Parliament calling on
the government to provide asylum in British territories for persecuted
Jews. The meager undertaking which was prepared was as follows:
His Majesty’s Government issued some hundreds of Mauritius and
other immigration permits in favor of threatened Jewish families.[86]
But even this token measure was opposed by the Zionist leaders. At a
Parliamentary meeting on January 27, 1943, when the next steps were
being pursued by over one hundred members of Parliament, a
spokesperson for the Zionists announced that they opposed this motion
because it did not contain preparations for the colonization of
Palestine. This was a consistent stance.
Chaim Weizmann, the Zionist leader who had arranged the Balfour
Declaration and was to become the first president of Israel, made this
Zionist policy very explicit:
The hopes of Europe’s six million Jews are centered on emigration.
I was asked: “Can you bring six million Jews to Palestine?” I replied,
“No.” ... From the depths of the tragedy I want to save ... young
people [for Palestine]. The old ones will pass. They will bear their
fate or they will not. They are dust, economic and moral dust in a
cruel world ... Only the branch of the young shall survive. They have
to accept it. [87]
Yitzhak Gruenbaum, the chairperson of the committee set up by the
Zionists, nominally to investigate the condition of European Jews,
said:
When they come to us with two plans - the rescue of the masses of
Jews in Europe or the redemption of the land - I vote, without a
second thought, for the redemption of the land. The more said about
the slaughter of our people, the greater the minimization of our
efforts to strengthen and promote the Hebraisation of the land. If
there would be a possibility today of buying packages of food with the
money of the Karen Hayesod [United Jewish Appeal] to send it through
Lisbon, would we do such a thing? No. And once again no! [88]
Betraying the Resistance
In July 1944, the Slovakian Jewish leader Rabbi Dov Michael
Weissmandel in a letter to Zionist officials charged with these
"rescue organizations," proposed a series of measures to save the Jews
scheduled for liquidation at Auschwitz. He offered exact mappings of
the railways and urged the bombing of the tracks on which the
Hungarian Jews were being transported to the crematoria.
He appealed for the bombing of the furnaces at Auschwitz, for the
parachuting of ammunition to 80,000 prisoners, for the parachuting of
saboteurs to blow up all the means of annihilation and thus end the
cremation of 13,000 Jews every day.
Should the Allies refuse the organized and public demand by the
"rescue organizations", Weissmandel proposed that the Zionists, who
had funds and organization, obtain airplanes, recruit Jewish
volunteers and carry out the sabotage.
Weissmandel was not alone. Throughout the late thirties and forties,
Jewish spokespersons in Europe cried out for help, for public
campaigns, for organized resistance, for demonstrations to force the
hand of allied Govemments - only to be met not merely by Zionist
silence but by active Zionist sabotage of the meager efforts which
were proposed or prepared in Great Britain and the United States.
Here is the cri-de-coeur of Rabbi Weissmandel. Writing to the Zionists
in July 1944 he asked incredulously.
Why have you done nothing until now? Who is guilty of this
frightful negligence? Are you not guilty, our Jewish brothers: you who
have the greatest good fortune in the world - liberty?
We send you – Rabbi Weissmandel wrote again – this special
message: to inform you that yesterday the Germans began the
deportation of Jews from Hungary ... The deported ones go to Auschwitz
to be put to death by cyanide gas. This is the schedule, of Auschwitz
from yesterday to the end:
Twelve thousand Jews - men, women and children, old men,
infants, healthy and sick ones, are to be suffocated daily.
And you, our brothers in Palestine, in all the countries of
freedom, and you ministers of all the Kingdoms, how do you keep silent
in the face of this great murder?/NEXT...
Silent while thousands upon thousands, reaching now to six million
Jews, are murdered? And silent now, while tens of thousands are still
being murdered and waiting to be murdered? Their destroyed hearts cry
out to you for help as they bewail your cruelty.
Brutal, you are and murderers, too, you are, because of the
coldbloodedness of the silence in which you watch, because you sit
with folded arms and do nothing, although you could stop or delay the
murder of Jews at this very hour.
You, our brothers, sons of Israel, are you insane? Don’t you know
the hell around us? For whom are you saving your money? Murderers!
Madmen! Who is it that gives charity: you who toss a few pennies from
your safe homes, or we who give our blood in the depths of hell? [90]
No Zionist leader supported his request, nor did the Western
capitalist regimes bomb a single concentration camp.
A Pact Against Hungary’s Jews
The culmination of Zionist betrayal was the sacrifice of Hungary’s
Jews in a series of agreements between the Zionist movement and Nazi
Germany which first became known in 1953. Dr. Rudolph Kastner of the
Jewish Agency Rescue Committee in Budapest signed a secret pact with
Adolf Eichmann to "settle the Jewish question" in Hungary. This took
place in 1944. The pact sealed the fate of 800,000 Jews.
It was to be revealed later that Kastner was under the direction of
the Zionist leaders abroad when he made his agreement with Eichmann.
The agreement entailed the saving of six hundred prominent Jews on the
condition that silence was maintained about the fate of Hungarian
Jewry.
When a survivor, Malchiel Greenwald, exposed the pact and denounced
Kastner as a Nazi collaborator whose "deeds in Budapest cost the lives
of hundreds of thousands of Jews", [91] Greenwald was sued by the
Israeli government, whose leaders had drawn up the terms of the
Kastner pact.
NEXT/...
The Israeli Court came to the following conclusion:
The sacrifice of the majority of the Jews, in order to rescue the
prominents was the basic element in the agreement between Kastner and
the Nazis. This agreement fixed the division of the nation into two
unequal camps, a small fragment of prominents, whom the Nazis promised
Kastner to save, on the one hand, and the great majority of Hungarian
Jews whom the Nazis designated for death, on the other hand. [92]
The court declared that the imperative condition of this pact was that
neither Kastner nor the Zionist leaders would interfere in the action
of the Nazis against the Jews. These leaders undertook not only to
eschew interference, but they agreed they would not, in the words of
the Israeli court, "hamper them in the extermination."
Collaboration between the Jewish Agency Rescue Committee and the
exterminators of the Jews was solidified in Budapest and Vienna.
Kastner’s duties were part and parcel of the S.S. In addition to its
Extermination Department and Looting Department, the Nazi S.S. opened
a Rescue Department headed by Kastner. [93]
Saving Nazis, Not Jews
It is not surprising that it was to be revealed that Kastner
intervened to save S.S. General Kurt Becher from being tried for war
crimes. Becher was one of the leading negotiators of the deal with the
Zionists in 1944. He was also an S.S. Major in Poland, a member of the
Death Corps "that worked around the clock killing Jews." "Becher
distinguished himself as a Jew slaughterer in Poland and Russia." [94]
He was appointed Commissar of all Nazi concentration camps by Heinrich
Himmler.
What happened to him? He became president of many corporations and
headed up the sale of wheat to Israel. His corporation, the
Cologne-Handel Gesellschaft, did extensive business with the Israeli
government.
On January 11, 1941, Avraham Stern proposed a formal military pact
between the National Military Organization (NMO), of which Yitzhak
Shamir, the current Prime Minister of Israel, was a prominent leader,
and the Nazi Third Reich. This proposal became known as the Ankara
document, having been discovered after the war in the files of the
German Embassy in Turkey. It states the following:
The evacuation of the Jewish masses from Europe is a precondition
for solving the Jewish question; but this can only be made possible
and complete through the settlement of these masses in the home of the
Jewish people, Palestine, and through the establishment of a Jewish
state in its historical boundaries ...
The NMO, which is well-acquainted with the goodwill of the German
Reich government and its authorities towards Zionist activity inside
Germany and towards Zionist emigration plans, is of the opinion that:
1. Common interests could exist between the establishment of a
New Order in Europe in conformity with the German concept, and the
true national aspirations of the Jewish people as they are embodied by
the NMO.
2. Cooperation between the new Germany and renewed
folkish-national Hebraium would be possible and
3. The establishment of the historical Jewish state on a
national and totalitarian basis, and bound by a treaty with the German
Reich, would be in the interest of a maintained and strengthened
future German position of power in the Near East.
Proceeding from these considerations, the NMO in Palestine, under
the condition that the above-mentioned national aspirations of the
Israeli freedom movement are recognized on the side of the German
Reich, offers to actively take part in the war on Germany’s side. [95]
NEXT/...
Zionism’s perfidy - the betrayal of the victims of the Holocaust - was
the culmination of their attempt to identify the interests of the Jews
with those of the established order. Today, the Zionists join their
state to the enforcement arm of U.S. imperialism - from the death
squads of Latin America to the covert operations of the C.I.A. on four
continents.
This sordid history is rooted in the demoralization of the founders of
Zionism, who rejected the possibility of overcoming anti-Semitism
through popular struggle and social revolution. Moses Hess, Theodor
Herzl and Chaim Weizmann chose the wrong side of the barricades - that
of state power, class domination and exploitative rule. They
propounded a putative disjunction between emancipation from
persecution and the necessity of social change. They fully understood
that the cultivation of anti-Semitism and the persecution of the Jews
were the work of the very ruling class from whom they curried favor.
In seeking the sponsorship of the anti-Semites themselves, they
revealed several motives: the worship of power with which they
associated strength; a desire to end Jewish "weakness" and
vulnerability, ceasing to be perpetual outsiders.
This sensibility was a short step to assimilating the values and ideas
of the Jew-haters themselves. The Jews, the Zionists wrote, were
indeed an undisciplined, subversive, dissident people, worthy of the
scorn they had earned. The Zionists catered shamelessly to racist
Jew-hatred. Worshipping power, they appealed to the anti-Semitic
desire of the von Plehves and the Himmlers to be rid of a victim
people long radicalized by persecution, a people who filled the ranks
of revolutionary movements and whose suffering drew their best minds
to intellectual ferment offensive to established values.
The dirty secret of Zionist history is that Zionism was threatened by
the Jews themselves. Defending the Jewish people from persecution
meant organizing resistance to the regimes which menaced them. But
these regimes embodied the imperial order which comprised the only
social force willing or able to impose a settler colony on the
Palestinian people. Hence, the Zionists needed the persecution of the
Jews to persuade Jews to become colonizers afar, and they needed the
persecutors to sponsor the enterprise.
But European Jewry had never manifested any interest in colonizing
Palestine. Zionism remained a fringe movement among the Jews, who
aspired to live in the countries of their birth free of discrimination
or to escape persecution by emigrating to bourgeois democracies
perceived as more tolerant.
NEXT/...
Zionism, therefore, could never answer the needs or aspirations of the
Jews. The moment of truth came when persecution gave way to physical
extermination. Put to the ultimate and sole test of their real
relationship to Jewish survival, the Zionists did not merely fail to
lead resistance or defend the Jews, they actively sabotaged Jewish
efforts to boycott the Nazi economy. They sought, even then, the
sponsorship of the mass murderers themselves, not merely because the
Third Reich appeared powerful enough to impose a Zionist colony, but
because the Nazi practices were consonant with Zionist assumptions.
There was a common ground between the Nazis and the Zionists,
expressed not merely in the proposal of Shamir’s National Military
Organization to form a state in Palestine on a "national totalitarian
basis." Vladimir Jabotinsky, in his last work, The Jewish War Front,
(l940) wrote of his plans for the Palestinian people:
Since we have this great moral authority for calmly envisaging the
exodus of Arabs, we need not regard the possible departure of 900,000
with dismay. Herr Hitler has recently been enhancing the popularity of
population transfer. [96]
Jabotinsky’s remarkable declaration in The Jewish War Front
synthesizes Zionist thought and its moral bankruptcy. The slaughter of
the Jews gave Zionism "great moral authority". - For what? "For calmly
envisaging the exodus of Arabs.” The lesson of Nazi destruction of the
Jews was that it was permissible now for Zionists to visit the same
fate upon the entire Palestinian population.
Seven years later, the Zionists emulated the Nazis, whose backing they
sought and even at times achieved, and they covered bleeding Palestine
in multiple Lidices [97], driving 800,000 people into exile.
The Zionists approached the Nazis in the same spirit they had Von
Plehve, acting on the perverse notion that Jew-hatred was useful.
Their purpose was not rescue, but forced conscription of the select
few - the rest to be consigned to their agonizing fate.
Zionism sought bodies with which to colonize Palestine and preferred
Jewish corpses in their millions to any rescue that might settle Jews
elsewhere.
If ever a people could be expected to grasp the meaning of
persecution, the pain of being perpetual refugees and the humiliation
of slander, it ought to have been the Jews.
In place of compassion, the Zionists celebrated the persecution of
others, even as they first betrayed the Jews and then degraded them.
They selected a victim people of their own on whom to inflict a
conquering design. They aligned the surviving Jews with a new genocide
against the Palestinian people, cloaking themselves, with savage
irony, in the collective shroud of the Holocaust.
NOTES
76. Marvin Lowenthal, ed., The Diaries of Theodor Herzl, p.6. Cited in
Lenni Brenner, Zionism in the Age of the Dictators (Westport, Conn.:
Lawrence Hill, 1983) p.6.
77. From Our Shomer “Weltanschauung”, Hashomer Hatzair, December 1936.
Originally published in 1917, Brenner, Zionism, p.22.
78. Brenner, The Iron Wall.
79. lbid., p.14.
80. Ibid.
81. Brenner, Zionism, p.48.
82. Ibid., p.85.
83. Ibid., p.99.
84. Ibid., p.149.
85. Ibid.
86. Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld, Britain’s chief Rabbi during World War
II. Faris Yahya, Zionist Relations with Nazi Germany (Beirut, Lebanon:
Palestine Research Center, January 1978), p.53.
87. Chaim Weizmann reporting to the Zionist Congress in 1937 on his
testimony before the Peel Commission in London, July 1937. Cited in
Yahya, p. 55.
88. Yitzhak Gruenbaum was chairperson of the Jewish Agency’s Rescue
Committee. Excerpted from a speech made in 1943. Ibid., p.56.
89. Ibid., p.53.
90. Ibid., pp.59-60.
91. Ibid., p.58.
92. Judgment given on June 22, 1955, Protocol of Criminal Case 124/53
in District Court, Jerusalem. Ibid., p.58.
93. Ibid., p.59.
94. Ben Hecht, Perfidy (New York: 1961), pp.58-59. Ibid., p.60.
95. Proposal of the National Military Organization - Irgun Zvai Leumi
- Concerning the Solution of the Jewish Question in Europe and the
Participation of the N.M.O. in the War on the side of Germany.
Original text found in David Yisraeli, The Palestine Problem in German
Politics. 1889-1945. (Ramat Gan, Israel: Bar Ilan University, 1974),
pp.315-317, Brenner. Zionism, p.267.
96. Brenner, The Iron Wall, p.107.
97. Lidice was a Czech village razed to the ground by the S.S. It
became a symbol of Nazi brutality and was singled out as a war crime
during the Nuremberg Trials.
I FOUND THIS PERTINENT TO DR.KAMAL-SALIBI'S WORK ON BIBLICAL
STUDIES AS IT GIVES SIMILAR REASSMENT OF SOME BIBLICAL AND PALESTINE
ZIONIST MYTHS AND THE IMPORTANT IS THAT IT IS BY PROMINENT JEWISH
SCHOLARS THE GOOGLE LINK TITLE ITSELF IS A SUMMARY OF SORTS:
" AT THE CUTTING EDGE OF JEWISH STUDIES; The Most Recent ...
The consensus was formed around three general issues: a) the history
of ancient Israel , b) the sources of the Torah, and c) the biblical
text. ...
www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/Jewish/30yrs/rendsburg/index.html - Cached " (TITLE):
" Down with History, Up with Reading: The Current State of Biblical Studies[1] "
..........
By Gary A. Rendsburg, Cornell University
MAIN THESIS:" .. .[10] Accordingly, the Genesis stories are the
inventions of Jews during the Babylonian exile when such customs were
the way of life. And why have patriarchal stories at all? Why have
Abraham originating in Mesopotamia and emigrating to Canaan? BECAUSE
THIS WAS EARLY ZIONIST PROPAGANDA to get Jews to leave their homes in
comfortable Babylon to make the long journey to begin a new and arduous
life in the land of their forefathers. It is clear from Second Isaiah
and Ezra and Nehemiah, and from Babylonian textual remains—I refer here
to the Murashu documents which describe affluent Jewish businessmen in
Mesopotamia during this period—that not all Jews wanted to return to
Israel. Thus was Abraham invented.."
AND THESE ARE OTHER BIG POINTS IN INDIRECT SUPPORT TO
DR.KAMAL-SALIBI EXODUS-WAS-NOT-FROM-EGYPT:"...As such, the Israelites
had never been to Egypt (well, perhaps a small number of them had, but
they were insignificant in the ethnic composition of the new people of
Israel). The Bible’s foundational story about the Israelites as slaves
in Egypt is not a reflection of any historical reality, but rather a
reflection of the fact that Israel had been slaves in the land of
Canaan, slaves to Canaanite urban centers..."AND OTHER BIG POINT "..The
fact that the Israelites originate as Canaanites explains why there is
so much polytheism present in the Bible’s description of the people of
Israel. Israel was not a monotheism or a monolatry fighting polytheistic
tendencies among its people under the influence of their Canaanite
neighbors, but rather just another group of Canaanite polytheists,
albeit one with a small but vocal and in the end successful group of
radical thinkers conceiving of the idea of one god. ... " PROBABLY A
FINAL NAIL IN ZIONIST MYTHS'COFFIN FOR HONEST TRUTH SEEKERS OF ANY
FAITHS...
PROVED!:FIRST JERUSALEM NOT IN PALESTINE BUT IN ASIR/KING AHAZ
SUNDIAL EXPERIMENT IS A SUCCESS...!!!/LINK =
http://kamalsalibi.blogspot.com/2010/02/sundial-of-king-ahaz.html
Now according to Isaiah 38:7,8, the prophet Isaiah (early eighth
century BC) tells King Hezekiah in Jerusalem that ‘the Lord’ will give
him a ‘sign’, namely this: “I will bring again the shadow of the
degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of [your father, King]
Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which
degrees it was gone down.”
This retrograde motion of a shadow cast by a gnomon (i.e., a sundial
pointer) has traditionally been regarded as a ‘miracle’, because at
the latitude of the present-day Jerusalem (31 degrees 47 minutes north
of the Equator), such a motion would be impossible. However, and I
quote a respected figure, the English mathematician/astronomer Thomas
Keith (1759-1824): “If a horizontal dial, which shows the hour by the
top of the perpendicular gnomon, be made for a place in the torrid
zone [i.e. the tropics], whenever the sun’s declination exceeds the
latitude of the place, the shadow of the gnomon will go back twice in
the day, once in the forenoon and once in the afternoon, and the
greater the difference between the latitude and the sun’s declination
is, the farther the shadow will go back.” Thomas Keith, A New Treatise
On The Use Of The Globes. Revised Edition. London, 1855, pp. 336-7.
Now according to Professor Salibi, the original Jerusalem of Isaiah’s
time will not have been in today’s Palestine, but in Asir, and within
the torrid zone. Therefore the retrograde shadow on the ‘dial of Ahaz’
will not have been a ‘miracle’, but a fact. And no doubt an experiment
could be set up in Asir at the present time to prove this. (
COMMENT RELATED TO THE POSTSCRIPT OF ANTHONY LIAS TO KAMAL SALIBI'S
WORK, REGARDING THE RETROGRADE MOTION OF THE SHADOW OF A GNOMON ON A SUNDIAL AT TROPICAL LATITUDES:
Dr. Nurdin al-Mustaqim has conducted an experiment today, which is the
summer solstice, in the city of Abha, in Asir (17-19 degrees North of
the Equator), to demonstrate this point, and has kindly reported to me
the following:
I CAN SWEAR AND GUARANTEE THAT SINCE 1030AM WHEN I STARTED TO MAKE
REGULAR OBSERVATIONS THE SUN WAS GOING COUNTERCOCKWISE FOR A FULL 180
DEGREES UNTIL 2PM AND AFTER THAT IT HAD GONE BACK IN THE OPP0SITE WAY
CLOCKWISE FOR 20 DEGREES AT MY LAST READING OF 3:30pm. SOME PERIOD WAS
UNREADABLE DUE TO CLOUDY WEATHER. I GUESS THIS WILL PROVE THE POINT
ANYWAY AND I KEEP LOOKING TO SUNSET AND MAY REPEAT IT IN FOLLOWING DAYS.
Relayed to my readers with many thanks to Dr. Nur for his patient work
Kamal Salibi
June 21, 2010 7:05 AM
Dr.Nur said...
WELL,I WANT TO SAY FOR THE RECORD THAT I PERFORMED THE SUNDIAL
EXPERIMENT ON 21 TO 23 JUNE 2010 HERE IN ABHA,THE HEARTLAND OF
ASIR,AND MY EYES AND THE PICTURES TAKEN CONFIRM THE REVERSE MOTION
TWICE IN THE DAY BY WHAT I THOUGHT 20 DEGREES WITHOUT EVER SEEING
THESE COMMENTS BEFORE. IF IT IS 10 DEGREES THEN LET IT BE 10,AS IT CAN
BE MEASURED OR POSTED FOR ALL BY DR.SALIBI. TO ME IT IS A GREAT STEP
FORWARD FOR MANKIND AND HISTORY THAT HIS DISCOVERY ABOUT BIBLICAL
GEOGRAPHY MUST BE TAKEN AS WORKING BASIS WITH ALL THAT GOES WITH IT.
June 24, 2010 1:32 PM
Kamal Salibi said...
I owe a great debt of gratitude to Dr. Nur who spent three days in
Abha observing the movement of the shadow of what stood from the
gnomon of a sundial. By means of this experiment, he demonstrate
beyond the shadow of a doubt that the astronomical event occurring in
Old Tesament Jerusalem, as reported in Isaiah 38:7,8 and 2 Kings
20:18-12 and explained by Mr. Anthony Lias in terms of a 'Jerusalem'
located in Asir rather in Palestine, is the sort of astronomical event
that occurs regularly in the tropical land of Asir, twice a day,
during the period of the summer solstice. The same event cannot
possibly occur at any time of year in a Jerusalem located in
Palestine, well within the temperate zone. From now on, with the
astronomical postulation of Mr. Lias demonstrated by Dr. Nur on the
ground in connection with a hitherto forgotten Jerusalem of Asir, I
cannot but endorse the statement of Dr. Nur that this new vision of
Biblical geography must be taken by academe, as by mankind, "as a
working basis, with all that goes with it."
June 24, 2010 11:47 PM
Dr.Nur said...
WELL,I WANT TO SAY FOR THE RECORD THAT I PERFORMED THE SUNDIAL
EXPERIMENT ON 21 TO 23 JUNE 2010 HERE IN ABHA,THE HEARTLAND OF
ASIR,AND MY EYES AND THE PICTURES TAKEN CONFIRM THE REVERSE MOTION
TWICE IN THE DAY BY WHAT I THOUGHT 20 DEGREES WITHOUT EVER SEEING
THESE COMMENTS BEFORE. IF IT IS 10 DEGREES THEN LET IT BE 10,AS IT CAN
BE MEASURED OR POSTED FOR ALL BY DR.SALIBI. TO ME IT IS A GREAT STEP
FORWARD FOR MANKIND AND HISTORY THAT HIS DISCOVERY ABOUT BIBLICAL
GEOGRAPHY MUST BE TAKEN AS WORKING BASIS WITH ALL THAT GOES WITH IT.
June 24, 2010 1:32 PM
Kamal Salibi said...
I owe a great debt of gratitude to Dr. Nur who spent three days in
Abha observing the movement of the shadow of what stood from the
gnomon of a sundial. By means of this experiment, he demonstrate
beyond the shadow of a doubt that the astronomical event occurring in
Old Tesament Jerusalem, as reported in Isaiah 38:7,8 and 2 Kings
20:18-12 and explained by Mr. Anthony Lias in terms of a 'Jerusalem'
located in Asir rather in Palestine, is the sort of astronomical event
that occurs regularly in the tropical land of Asir, twice a day,
during the period of the summer solstice. The same event cannot
possibly occur at any time of year in a Jerusalem located in
Palestine, well within the temperate zone. From now on, with the
astronomical postulation of Mr. Lias demonstrated by Dr. Nur on the
ground in connection with a hitherto forgotten Jerusalem of Asir, I
cannot but endorse the statement of Dr. Nur that this new vision of
Biblical geography must be taken by academe, as by mankind, "as a
working basis, with all that goes with it."
June 24, 2010 11:47 PM
Dr.Nur said...
Assalamu 'alaykum wa rahmatullahi ta'ala wa barakatuhu!
Can you indictae where I can find a reliable history book on the "Semitic" people in Biblical times?
I
had written a 1200 pages unpublished illustrated book on "The Alien
Beginning and End of Humankind". It is one Islamic perspective of World
History, and some new material can help me improve some of its entries.
Many thanks
Barak Allah Fik
Basheer Ahmad
P.S. I am 65 and a "naturalised" second class French citizen, and an enemy of Nicolas Sarkozy and of Dalil Boubakeur!
Dear Bashir Ahmad Fremaux-Soormally, thanks for your interest in
the historal and geographical roots of the zionist farce and fraud. I
hope to cooperate with you. You say you are an adopted frenchman or
rather a second class citizen. I am an original french born frenchman
convert to Islam and I live in the original kingdom of Juddah of Saudia
and the rest of the muslim world as a first class citizen. I hope you
will join us in our research. For the end story on biblical studies try
to follow my posts on the true history and geography and please download
Dr.Bernard-Leeman's "QueenofShebaandIsrael"pdf and
the-"Conspiracy-of-Zion"by Douglas-Reed which is following the
"old"geohistory but is fully correct for analysis. For Kamal-Salibi the
english part is below the arabic at www.kamal-salibi.blogspot.com
FOLLOWING AND BELOW MY SUMMARY AND BASIC DATA ON THE HISTORY OF
JEWS ANS ZIONISTS AND PROOF THERE WAS NEVER ANY ANCIENT ISRAEL OR
"JERUSALEM" IN PALESTINE:The accurate historical and geographical data.
Here are a
few basic facts: 1. It isthe official foreign policy of
“Isrealhell”since the Ariel Sharon government that the
“historical”borders of the the zionist farcical invention are from the
Nile to the Euphrates meaning Anatolia,Syria,the whole Arabian
peninsula,Irak,and Egypt. Of course this has no basis in history at
all but Palestine is part of it,that means that the "West Bank"and the
rest are scheduled for further Nakbah or holocaust (genocide). American leaders
are part and parcel of this comedy as they were/are with the broken
treaties with their american indians and their ongoing genocide and
dispossession. 2. In fact, as we have demonstrated at
http://www.altajdeed.blogspot.com and
http://www.queen-of-sheba-university.org and also in the Haaretz
article by Dr.Zeev-Herzog chief archeologist at Tel-Aviv
University,and also by myself with Dr.kamal Salibi at
http://Www.kamalsalibi.blogspot.com and
http://www.kamal-salibi.blogspot.com and in the masterly free download
pdf book and maps”QueenofShebaandIsrael”by Dr.Bernard-Leeman, that
there never was any ancient “Israel”or even a “Jerusalem”in Palestine
(except the one “invented”by the crusaders who confused the death
place of one of the 3 Jesuses,see http://www.kamal-salibi.blogspot.com
about the koranic Jesus, with the city of David and Solomon (at
Arwa+Salam villages near present day Tanumah) of the rainy saudi
highlands-the ancient kingdom of Juddah near Yemen). (the ancient jews
were mountain pirates preying on the incense caravans trade between
India,Yemen,Egypt and Europe. They were of the “bin-Yamin”tribes or
“sons-of Yemen”like modern day pirate Binyamin Netanyahu). They used
to ransack,ransom, and racket the caravans,and pillage other arab tribes-
(arab/hebrew are the same word/reversal of consonants)
including fighting the northern tribe of, Israel from the area of
present Madina,Tayma,Khaybar,(prior to "unity",and break up and
disappearance of Israel to the kingdom of Juddah)-piracy whereby they
claimed their "wealth",and for
that reason,their hideout Jerusalem was sacked and 10000 of their
aparatchik/leader“warriorpriests”were brought captives by the king of
Babylon-and they were freed 40years later by Cyrus king of Persia
after his victory over Babel with the help of jewish
traitors/informers from inside,and Cyrus used some of them as
administrators to rule Palestine where he built a temple by his order
and money as a “joint venture”of sorts since the false prophet
“Ezra”or“Esdras”had told Cyrus that the Abraham/Ibrahim of jews is the
sameIbrahim-Zeradust or Zarathoustra/Zoroaster of persians. Hence the
small colony of jews of Palestine sentby Cyrus were known as
“Pharisees”that is farsis or persians in the land of“Philistines”or
Palestine as per semitic pronunciation. When Alexander the great of
Greece defeated the persians 2 centuries later they invented their
story and fraud about escape from Egypt in their frauded septuagint
greek "Thorat" used to this day by christians,mormons ,and morons as
well,so as to hide their past as persian enemies and keep privileges,
by farce and fraud, with the new greek masters. Ezra was of the
illegal zadokite priest caste (no blood line to David,or
Moses/Aaron),not recognized by original jews,like
samaritans,Hunafas (Hanif),etc. He invented and started the talmud
"master-race" propanda and its “chosen “people myth together with
other jewish criminal fantasies.
...The temple of Cyrus story is related
in any bible in the part called "book of Ezra" as such: “and the lord
moved the heart of Cyrus by the mouth of Jeremiah,.and he ordered and
put it in writing that a temple be built in that land..” So as they do
now,they were doing then: appropriating the history of others,their
lands and lives by lies ( Mossad's motto:"by deception thou shalt make
war.." : the oldest mafia in the world disguised as a religion …e.g
USS LIBERTY,9/11,ETC.,)... Not long ago Shimon Peres praised king
Cyrus on TV as the "first zionist"!..He knows the farce..!
Note:At the time of the arrival of Islam 70% of arabs were jews of
many original-now disappeared-and reformist denominations from prior
to the zadokite "deuteromy"and Talmud fascist credo imposture(the
original israelites were arabs unlike today's turkish-hun khazar
invaders of Palestine)and 25% christians. Both Islam and Christianity
ARE reformed sects of judaism which the people could no longer accept
as such because of its incoherence, inhumanity and racist genocidal
primitivity but some criminals want to revive it today as a blueprint
for mankind's enslavment to a tiny orogenitally constipated
frankensteinian mythomaniac mafia who should be banned and/or hung by
their balls without ceremony wherever they can be found as they are a
peril to mankind ,and to themselves of course !...
Don't forget to copy this page and send it to your friends: http://www.tajdeed.org/article.aspx?id=10334
AMAZING
!: THE TRAVEL OF BENJAMIN OF TUDELA/HE IDENTIFIES THEMA/e.gTIHAMA AND
THANAEJM-PALACE OF SOLOMON/TANUMAH -FOR SURE. WHAT ABOUT THE ONE HE
CALLS TELMA? AND THAT IS IN THE 10TH CENT...
http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/mhl/mhl20.htm
the abodes
of the Jews who are called Beni (children of) Rechab, men of Thema.
The seat of their government is at Thema (or Tehama), where their
prince and....
governor rabbi Chanan resides.
The province of which Thanaejm is the metropolis contains forty
cities, two hundred villages, and one hundred small towns, and is
inhabited by about three hundred thousand Jews. Thanaejm is a very
strong city, fifteen square miles in extent, and large enough to allow
agriculture to be carried on
p. 414
within its boundaries; within which are also situated the palace of
Prince Salomon, and many gardens and orchards. Telmas is also a city
of considerable magnitude; it contains about one hundred thousand
Jews, is strongly fortified, and situated between two very high
mountains.
--MIDRASH TANHUMA.
AND THANAEJM/ TANUMAH? AS THEIR CAPITAL/THAT OF SOLOMON, IN THE 900TH
CENTURY AD/ IBN MUJAWIR IN 11TH CENTURY CLAIMS THAT NAJRAN WAS A THIRD
CHRISTIAN,A THIRD JEWISH,A THIRD MUSLIM..DR. KAMAL FROM THIS AND MY
EXPERIENCE ABOUT THE LEGENDS AND TRADITIONS ON THE GROUND, IT SEEMS THAT
JEWISH ARAB LIFE WAS PROMINENT IN THESE SECLUDED LANDS AT LEAST UNTIL THE
WAHABI POGROMS WHEN THE NAJRAN KAABA WAS DESTROYED IN 18TH C
....P412/413
At twenty-one days' journey through the desert of Sheba, or Al-Yemen,
from which Mesopotamia lies in a northerly direction, are the abodes
of the Jews who are called Beni (children of) Rechab, men of Thema.
The seat of their government is at Thema (or Tehama), where their
prince and....
governor rabbi Chanan resides. This city is large, and the extent of
their country is sixteen days' journey toward the northern mountain
range. They possess large and strong cities and are not subject to any
of the Gentiles, but undertake warlike expeditions into distant
provinces with the Arabians, their neighbors and allies, to take the
spoil and the prey. These Arabians are Bedouins, who live in tents in
the deserts and have no fixed abode, and who are in the habit of
undertaking marauding expeditions into the province of Yemen. The Jews
are a terror to their neighbors. Their country being very extensive,
some of them cultivate the land and rear cattle. A number of studious
and learned men, who spend their lives in the study of the law, are
maintained by the tithes of all produce, part of which is also
employed toward sustaining the poor and the ascetics, called "Mourners
of Sion" and "Mourners of Jerusalem." These eat no meat and abstain
from wine, dress always in black, and live in eaves or in low houses,
and keep fasts all their lives except on Sabbaths and holy-days. 51
They continually implore the mercy of God for the Jews in exile, and
devoutly pray that he may have compassion on them for the sake of his
own great Dame; and they also include in their prayers all the Jews of
Tehama and of Telmas. The latter contains about one hundred thousand
Jews, who are governed by Prince Salomon, who, as well as his brother,
Prince Chanan, are descendants of the royal house of David, who rests
in peace, which is proved by their pedigrees. In doubtful cases they
solicit the decisions of the prince of the captivity, and set aside
forty days of every year, during which they go in rent clothes, and
keep fasts, and pray for all the Jews who live in exile.
The province of which Thanaejm is the metropolis contains forty
cities, two hundred villages, and one hundred small towns, and is
inhabited by about three hundred thousand Jews. Thanaejm is a very
strong city, fifteen square miles in extent, and large enough to allow
agriculture to be carried on
...within its boundaries; within which are also situated the palace of
Prince Salomon, and many gardens and orchards. Telmas is also a city
of considerable magnitude; it contains about one hundred thousand
Jews, is strongly fortified, and situated between two very high
mountains. Many of its inhabitants are well informed, wise, and rich.
The distance from Telmas to Chaibar is three days' journey. It is
reported that these Jews are of the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half
the tribe of Manasseh, who were led away captives by Shalmaneser, King
of Ashur, and who repaired into these mountainous regions, where they
erected the above-named large and strong cities. They carried on war
with many kingdoms, and are not easily to be reached because of their
situation, which requires a march of eighteen days through uninhabited
deserts, and thus renders them difficult of access.
Chaibar is also a very large city, and contains among its fifty
thousand Jewish inhabitants many learned scholars. The people of this
city are valiant, and engaged in wars with the inhabitants of
Mesopotamia, with those of the northern districts, and with those of
Yemen, who live near them; the latter province borders on India. It is
a distance of twenty-five days' journey from the country of these Jews
to 52 on the river Virah, in Yemen, which place contains about three
thousand Jews.... http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/mhl/mhl20.htm
THE 3 JESUSES//Who Was Jesus? How Much Can Be Known about the Koranic Jesus?
AS YOU WILL LEARN FROM THE BOOKS OF DR. KAMAL SALIBI,A HISTORIAN AND A
LEBANESE CHRISTIAN: WE FIND THERE WERE 3 JESUSES:1. THE ANCIENT
ISSA/YESHUA/JESUS GOD OF ABUNDANCE IN ASIR/YEMEN,2.THE SOUTH ARABIAN
JESUS SON OF MARY DESCENDENT OT ARON BROTHER OF MOSES WHO WAS THE
PROPHET JESUS OF KORAN AND DIED IN 300BC AND 3. THE JESUS OF NAZARETH
(NOTE THAT HE WAS FROM THE HEJAZI NAZARETH NEAR TAIF) WHO WAS A
DESCENDENT OF THE LINE OF KING DAVID AND WAS NOT A PARTICULARLY
RELIGIOUSLY MAN. HE WAS FROM A WELL TO DO FAMILY AND A BUSINESSMAN AND
HE HAD BEEN URGED BY HIS FAMILY TO COME AND CLAIM HIS THRONE FROM THE
TEMPLE
IMPOSTORS OF JERUSALEM.. HE IS KNOWN TO JEWS IN THE TALMUD AS ISSHU BIN
PANDERA,THE SON OF A ROMAN SOLDIER PANDERA AND A PROSTITUTE AND SINCE
HE WAS "A DREAMER OF DREAMS AND SELF APPOINTED PROPHET"talmud says 'HE
BOILS IN HELL IN HIS OWN EXCREMENTS'....
THE CONFUSION WHICH AROSE IN WESTERN WORLD'S CHRISTENDOM IS THAT
PAUL,WHO NEVER MET JESUS,MADE A COMPOSITE OF THE 3 AND WENT TO PREACH
IT IN ROME WHERE IT FIT WITH ROMAN MITHRAISM,WHEREAS EASTERN
CHRISTIANS RELIED ON JAMES THE ACTUAL BROTHER OF THE LAST JESUS. SO IT
WAS ORIGINALLY VERY DIFFERENT. IT IS SO IMPORTANT...
http://kamalsalibi.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2009-01-01T00%3A00%3A00-08%3A00&updated-max=2010-01-01T00%3A00%3A00-08%3A00&max-results=1
Supplement for the Second Edition of
Who Was Jesus?
How Much Can Be Known about the Koranic Jesus?
The Israelite priesthood was apparently regarded from an early time as
the preserve of the tribe of Levi, with members of this tribe offering
priestly services wherever they were needed (see Judges 17:6b-13). At
some point, however, as the Israelite Yahweh cult became more
organized, the priesthood came to be restricted exclusively to one
particular Levitical lineage: the house of Aaron who was allegedly the
brother of Moses, the first priest of Israel and the man originally
given charge of the Ark of the Covenant (the sacred wooden chest in
which the spirit of the invisible Yahweh was supposed to reside). The
last officially recognized Aaronic chief priest, whose name was
Abiathar, served under King David (c. 1005-964 BC), but was made to
share his office with a man called Zadok who was apparently neither of
Aaronic nor even of Levitical descent. Later, when Solomon succeeded
his father David as king, Abiathar was sacked from the chief
priesthood and banished to an agricultural estate that his family
owned in Anathoth (1 Kings 2:26; Joshua 21:18) - today, almost
certainly the village called Antutah (Arabicized form of the Biblical
Hebrew Anatot, name changed today to al-Mubarakah), in the fertile
hinterland of the Saudi Arabian coastal town of Jizan, close by the
border with Yemen.
From that time on, the chief priesthood of the Davidic kingdom - under
Solomon, then under the kings of Judah who were his successors -
became the exclusive preserve of the house of Zadok. This same
Zadokite priestly establishment continued to dominate Israelite
religious affairs following the Babylonian conquest of Judah in 586 BC
and the deportation of its leading citizens to Iraq. In the meanwhile,
the Aaronic priesthood had somehow managed to survive in Anathoth,
probably supported by a body of die-hard Israelites who refused to
accept the sacerdotal authority of the Zadokites. Among the Aaronic
priests of Anathoth was the Prophet Jeremiah, who predicted - and
lived to witness - the downfall of Judah, and who vanished from
history in obscure circumstances shortly thereafter.
Apart from identifying "Jeremiah the son of Hilkiah" as being one "of
the priests who were in Anathoth" (Jeremiah 1:1), the Received Text of
the Hebrew Bible, which was compiled and redacted by the Zadokites and
their associates in post-exilic times, has nothing to say about the
house of Aaron following the dismissal of Abiathar from the chief
priesthood. And nothing would have been known about the fate of the
Aaronic priestly line after the mysterious disappearance of Jeremiah,
had it not been for the Koran, where it identifies Maryam - the
Koranic Mary - as an Israelite temple figure of unequivocally Aaronic
lineage (see chapter four). As the son of Maryam, Issa - the Koranic
Jesus who was believed to be virgin-born - would have naturally
inherited his mother's Aaronic lineage, apparently to become the head
of the house of Aaron in due course. The fact that the Koran
recognizes him as al-Masih, or "the Christ," indicates that he was
recognized by his followers, in his time, as the long-awaited priestly
messiah whose mission was to end the prolonged Zadokite usurpation of
the Israelite priesthood, and to restore it to the house of Aaron to
which it legitimately belonged.
The Koranic juxtaposition between the Aaronic Issa and the Zadokite
Ezra (see chapter four) seems to indicate a historical connection
between the careers of the two men. Ezra, who was active in the middle
decades of the fifth century BC, was the person chiefly responsible
for the post-exilic revival of the law of Moses, on the basis of which
the scattered remnants of the Israelite people were reorganized under
Zadokite leadership as the religious community of the "Jews"
(yehuwdim, from yehuwdah, the Hebrew for Judah). Disregarding the fact
that an Aaronic priesthood still existed in Arabia in his time, and
that this priesthood probably commanded an Israelite following of some
size, Ezra claimed for himself an Aaronic lineage to which he was not
entitled (Ezra 7:1-5). Alternatively, it was his Jewish followers who
fabricated this lineage for him during his lifetime, or following his
death. This daring action, whether on his part or that of his
partisans, would alone have sufficed to elicit an open confrontation
on the issue between the houses of Zadok and Aaron. And there is good
indication that a contest over the possession of the Ark of Covenant -
to the Israelites, the ultimate touchstone of genuine priestly
standing - may have been at the heart of the matter.
Of the fate of the Ark of the Covenant after it came to be installed
in the temple of Solomon (see 1 Kings 8:1-11), the Received Text of
the Hebrew Bible, curiously, has nothing to say, leaving the ultimate
fate of the Ark unknown. However, in a book on the antiquities of
Arabia written in the early decades of the eighth century AD, an early
Muslim historian and epigraphist, Wahb ibn Munabbih (Kitab al-tijan
li-muluk Himyar, Hyderabad Deccan, AH 1347, pp.179-180), reports that
the Israelites once deposited the Ark in Mecca as they fled through
the Hijaz in panic before a powerful coalition of enemies, and that
the Ark remained thereafter in Mecca until Issa ibn Maryam arrived in
the city to claim it. Wahb, who was the descendant of a prominent
Jewish family from the Yemen, was well versed in the Israelite lore of
Arabia. What lends special credence to his Ark story is, first, the
casual manner in which he relates it, without comment or elaboration,
and, second, the fact that he relates it in the context of the history
of Mecca, and not that of the Israelites, about which he has much to
say elsewhere. Add to this the fact that his story of the Ark makes
good historical sense. In a struggle between Issa and the Zadokites
over the legitimate right to the Israelite priesthood, what success
could have been more dramatic for an Aaronic messiah than suddenly
managing to find and take possession of the long lost and virtually
forgotten Ark?
The question of the Ark aside, Wahb's account of its concealment in
Mecca and of its subsequent reclamation from there by Issa in that
city seems to assume, first, that pre-exilic Israelite history ran its
course in Arabia and second, that the geographical setting of Issa's
career was equally Arabian. It was in Arabia, apparently, that he died
and was buried. This, at least according to a story originally told by
an Arabian notable from Medina, in the Hijaz, and quoted by the great
Arab scholar al-Tabari (d. AD 923) in his major historical work Tarikh
al-rusul wal-muluk (Cairo edition, 1967, vol.1, pp.603-4):
One of our womenfolk had made a vow to climb to the peak of al-Jamma',
a mountain in al-Aqiq, [south of] Medina. So I climbed with her until
we reached the mountain top. There stood an enormous sarcophagus with
two huge tombstones, one [at each end], which bore inscriptions in a
writing unknown to me. I carried the two stones back with me. But as I
was crossing a passage down the mountainside, the two of them became
too difficult for me to carry; so I dropped one and descended with the
other. I asked people who knew Syriac if they could read [the
inscription on that stone], but they could not. Then I showed it to
people from the Yemen who could write [Hebrew], or who wrote the South
Arabian script, and they could not read it. So, when I found no one
who could make sense of [the inscription], I put it away at home under
a chest, where it remained for years. Then some Persians arrived [in
Medina] from [the town of] Maha to buy beads. I asked them: "Do you
have a written language?" They answered: "We do." So I brought out the
[inscription] for them [to see] and, behold, they were reading it, as
it was in their script: "This is the grave of Issa ibn Maryam, the
messenger of God to the people of this land." It turned out that
[Persians] had inhabited the area at that time, and [Issa] died in
their midst, so they buried him on top of the mountain.
This story not only confirms the location of the career of Issa ibn
Maryam in the Arabian province of the Hijaz, but also relates it to
the period of Persian rule in the lands of the Near East (535-330 BC).
More interesting, however, is the fact that ¤abar* was aware that the
Issa who was buried on top of Mount Jamma', south of Medina, was a
person entirely different from the Jesus who was crucified by the Jews
in Jerusalem during the reign of the
http://kamalsalibi.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2009-01-01T00%3A00%3A00-08%3A00&updated-max=2010-01-01T00%3A00%3A00-08%3A00&max-results=1
Roman emperor Tiberius. "I have been told," he says, "that the man
taken to be Issa and crucified in his place was an Israelite called
Ishu bin Fandara" (Tabari, vol.1, p.605). This name is none other than
the pejorative name Yeshu' ben Panthera, or ben Pandera (see chapter
three), by which the Jewish Talmud refers to the Davidic Jesus who was
crucified in the Palestinian Jerusalem, and whom we have agreed to
call Jeshu bar Nagara (see chapter seven).
With respect to the dating of the career of the Koranic Jesus who was
Issa ibn Maryam, the Damascene Muslim historian, Abul-Qasim Ibn
Asakir, writing in the twelfth century AD (Sirat al-Sayyid al-Masih,
Suleiman Murad, ed., Amman, 1996, par.10), cites a tradition related
by an early Muslim authority who died in AD 721 which asserts that the
"ascension" of Issa to God's presence occurred 933 years before the
start of the Muslim era (AD 622). Unless another explanation can be
given to this tradition, it means that the "ascension" of Issa
(possibly to mean his canonization or apotheosis) occurred is 311 BC,
and that his career as a prophet and Aaronic Messiah belonged to the
late fourth century BC, and not to the late fifth or early fourth
centurs earlier surmised (see chapter four).
ABOUT MITHRA AND JESUS AND THORAH/BIBLE/FROM DR.NUR/france
http://www.venusproject.com/ecs/true_origins_christianity.html - By
Bahram Maskanian
Mithra was a Persian savior. The worship of Mithra became common
throughout the Roman Empire, particularly among the Roman civil
service and military. The Mithraism and Christianity were competitors
until the 4th century. Mithra believed to have been born on December
25. Mithra's birth was witnessed by shepherds and by gift-carrying
Magi, or - the three wise men. - This was celebrated as the, - Dies
Natalis Solic Invite. - The Birthday of the Unconquered Son. - Many
followers believed that Mithra was born of a virgin. During his life,
Mithra performed many miracles, cured many illnesses, and cast out
devils. Mithra celebrated a - - Last Supper with his 12 Disciples. -
He ascended to heaven at the time of the spring equinox, about March
21, the first day of spring.
The above story sounds uncannily similar to the story of Jesus, or
ISSAH, his real name. Except Mithra and his religion took place over
two thousand (2000) years earlier than ISSAH, or Jesus, which is a
Greek name replacing his real name, meaning angel. - ISSAH or Jesus
died due to natural causes three hundred (300) years before the Jews
made him into a mythical religious figure and the Son of God, just
like Mithra. -
Christianity is just a plagiarized religion, an exact replication of
Mithraism, which was in existence over two thousand (2000) years
earlier than Christianity.
Now let's look at the much older Persian supernatural being: Mithra.
The earliest known examples of Mithra worship date back over four
thousand (4000) years ago into the Persian Empire. Mithra was the son
of Ahura-Mazda, the divine God of the heavens.
Mithra and Ahura-Mazda were strong influences on early Babylonian
beliefs. Along came the Zoroastrians in the 6th century BC who
absorbed Mithra and Ahura-Mazda into their own culture where, -
Ahura-Mazda - became the supreme holy God of goodness and - Ahriman -
became the God of Evil.
Soon after this Zoroastrian / Babylonian takeover around 580-BC, the
Babylonians were holding the Jews in captivity. The Jews were
Henotheists at this time but became heavily influenced by the concept
of one god of goodness and one god of evil.
1.
Mithra was sent by the Father God down to Earth to confirm
his contract with Man.
2.
Mithra was born of a Virgin through - Immaculate Conception
- He was born of Anahita, an immaculate virgin mother.
3.
Mithra was born in a stable - We celebrate his birth on
December 25th -.
4.
Mithra was visited by wise men bearing gifts.
5.
Mithra had 12 disciples - He was called the Messiah -.
Mithra was also the god of Darius, conqueror of Babylon, He
was called - - Messiah - - or Christos by Jews during their Captivity.
7.
Mithra made a (Contract) or (Covenant) with Man confirming
an older contract with God - The Persian word Mithra literally means -
- Contract. - -
8.
Mithra celebrated a last supper with his disciples before his death.
9.
Mithra died to atone for the sins of Man.
10.
Mithra was resurrected on a Sunday.
11.
Mithra ascended into Heaven to rejoin his Father.
12.
Mithra will return to pass judgment on Man - He was known as
the judger of souls -.
13.
On judgment day, the dead will arise and be judged by Mithra.
14.
Mithra will send sinners to HELL.
15.
Mithra will send the faithful to HEAVEN.
16.
On judgment day there will be a final conflict between Good
and Evil - The forces of Evil will be destroyed and the saved will
live in paradise forever -.
17.
Mithra is part of a Holy Trinity the - (Father, Son, And
Holy Spirit) -, that took human form.
18.
Mithra is depicted as having a halo, (a circular band of
light around his head).
19.
Mithra followers drink wine and eat bread, which represent
his blood and flesh.
20.
Mithra followers are baptized.
21.
Saturday and Sunday, the two (2) days of the week to rest
and celebrate.
That is a whole lot of remarkable coincidences, all from thousands of
years before ISSAH or Jesus was born.
The Holy book of Zoroastrian was called the Avesta of Zarathustra,
(Zoroaster is the Greek word for the Persian - - Zarathustra - -). The
Jews were well aware of this book.
Mithra worship declined with the arrival of the strong Zoroastrian
philosophy of - - One True God - -. in the Roman Empire.
Mithra worship increased again and became very popular during the late
Roman Empire... When did this happen? Yes. The first Century AD,
another remarkable coincidence.
From what race did the mythical Jesus allegedly come from? - The Jews.
- Who had already been influenced by the Mithra cult for centuries and
have adopted many other Zoroastrian beliefs.
Who convened the Great Christian Council of Nicea in 325-AD? The Roman
Emperor Constantine. Who did he worship before his conversion?
Mithra!!!
The large number of similarities between the Persian / Zorastrian God
Mithra and the Judeo / Christian Jesus are just too many to be mere
coincidences... The two stories are just too much alike... even down
to the gifts brought by the wise men to the stable for the infant
Mithra, born of a virgin, the son of God, savior of mankind who died
to save us from evil.
It is blindingly obvious that Christianity is just a plagiarization of
the earlier Persian Cult of Mithraism. There is nothing original in
the Christian belief system. It is all copied.
Christianity has always practiced this art of absorbing other people's
beliefs and calling them their own.... Easter from the pagan festival
of Eastre... High Mass, Sunday Sabbath, Holly and Ivy, Decorating
trees, Monotheism, The Eucharist... All of it is taken from Mithra.
The bread disks that the Mithra worshipers ate during their Mass to
symbolize the flesh of their God was marked with a cross, - - hundreds
of years before it became a Christian symbol. - -
And finally, during the Roman Revival of the Mithraism Cult, where do
you think the cult centered?
- - - On The One And The Same - Vatican Hill - in Rome - - - !
Christianity is a false religion with no doctrine of its own. All of
its dogma, its rituals, its key characters, its very foundation is
stolen from Mithraism.
Well, as usual in the good old Christian fashion, Fanatic Christians
deliberately fail to realize that,
1.
Christianity is Mithraism. - The Christian religion is
nothing but a plagiarized version of what EVERYONE claims to be pure
mythology, therefore so is Christianity.
2.
Even the artifacts have been positively dated to WAY earlier
than Christianity, so NO, someone did not just - - Make Them Up. - -
Christianity is what was made up, then spread by a psychotic man
called Paul, who had his - - Vision - - while on the road to Damascus.
Paul's vision, has since been proven to have been the result of a - -
Temporal Lobe Epileptic Seizure. - - For 20 years this delusional man
thought the end of the world was coming each and every day he woke up.
Everything this irrational man wrote was while he believed that at any
moment the end was coming. This is what Christian Fundamentalist
consider - - Words to LIVE by - - instead quite obviously they were -
- Words to DIE by, - - written by a psychologically impaired man.
Paul is the first Christian mullah, a figure largely responsible for
bringing the Christian message to the Roman Empire. Paul was born a
Roman citizen at Tarsus in Cilicia, the son of a Jew belonging to the
tribe of Benjamin. He was known originally as Saul.
Paul was arrested while preaching and taken into custody near Troas.
He was transferred to Rome and was beheaded in the Neronian
persecution when he was 65 or 67 years old. His remains were buried on
the road to Ostia.
Paul was instrumental in organizing the fundamentalist Christian
Church. Through his disturbed psychotic writings he plagiarized and
elevated Mithraism to Christianity.
Paul transformed a minor and obscure sect of Judaism, ISSAH's
movement, by copying Mithraism, replacing Mithra with ISSAH and then
calling him Jesus, a Greek name-meaning angel.
A spiritual reinterpretation of Persian Mithraism was suppressed when
Constantine I decided to transform Mithraism from a Persian originated
religion into a Roman version. Pursuant to his command, historians
changed the name from Mithraism to Christianity and ISSAH replaced
Mithra and was named Jesus. Roman historians began plagiarizing a new
book of lies. Soon after, Constantine I converted to Christianity in
CE 312.
Constantine I was raised at the Eastern court of Emperor Diocletian.
In 305 Constantius and Galerius succeeded Maximian and Diocletian as
the Western and Eastern emperor, respectively. In 306 Constantius died
at York, north of England. Soon after Constantine was acclaimed as the
Western emperor by the Roman army.
Galerius, however, proclaimed Flavius Valerius Severus as the Western
emperor. Maximian and his son, Maxentius, defeated Severus, who was
replaced by Licinius. Constantine invaded Italy and killed Maxentius
at the Battle of Milvian Bridge (312). Constantine and Licinius were
now confirmed as the Western and Eastern emperors respectively.
In 313 they signed the Edict of Milan, extending tolerance to
Christians throughout the Roman Empire. In 324 Constantine crushed
Licinius and became sole ruler.
Constantine presided over the first ecumenical council of the
Christian church at Nicaea (325), which condemned Arianism. In (330)
Constantine rebuilt Byzantium as his capital, renaming it
Constantinople, (today's Istanbul).
Constantine I centralized imperial power and minted a new gold coin,
the solidus, that remained the basic unit of Byzantine currency for a
thousand years. Above all, Constantine was responsible for the
Christianization of the Roman Empire.
His commitment to Christianity was reflected in the building of the
Church of the Holy Wisdom (the original Hagia Sophia), Constantinople,
the first St. Peter's basilica, Rome, and the Church of the Holy
Sepulcher, Jerusalem.
Definition of Faith / Religion
It must be noted that the Judaism theology including the Ten
Commandments, was stolen from the Egyptian Book Of Death, obviously an
Egyptian theology. Christianity was stolen from the Persian Mithraism,
evidently a Persian theology, and finally, Islam’s, criminal manual,
which is almost identical to the barbaric dogmas of Jewish manual, Old
Testament, with the exception of a few names changed. It is no secret
that Muhammad idealized Moses and that Muhammad's criminal genocidal
conquests rivals those of Moses.
Besides of the true character of Moses, as stated and acknowledged in
the Jewish manual, which is the most revolting as it can possibly be
imagined. Moses clearly was the first of the so-called GOD Messengers
who began the religious genocidal wars to conquer, plunder and advance
the false pretences of religion; under the mask of all that is holy,
committed the most unexampled atrocities that are to be found in the
history of any nation on earth, of which I will state only one
instance. When Moses and his Jewish army returned from one of their
plundering and murdering excursions, the account goes on as follows:
- - And Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and all the princes of the
congregation, went forth to meet them without the camp; and Moses was
wroth with the officers of the host, with the captains over thousands,
and captains over hundreds, which came from the battle; and Moses said
unto them, Have ye saved all the women alive? Behold, these caused the
children of Israel, through the - thous ands, and captai commit
trespass against the Lord in the matter of Peor, and there was a
plague among the congregation of the Lord. Now, therefore, kill every
male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known a man
by lying with him; but all the women-children, that have not known a
man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves. - - (Chap. xxxi.,
ver. 13)
Muhammad did almost exactly the same, following Moses footsteps, using
the same revolting doctrines and tactics to become the Islamic Emperor
of the world, calling himself last god messenger. Through the same
brainwashing methods Muhammad and his criminal army converted,
subjugated and murdered the nonbelievers, followed by the plunder,
enslavement and rape of the captive virgins of any age.
DISCLAIMER: CONCERNING THE PREVIOUS POST,BEING A 30 YEARS FRENCH
CONVERT TO ISLAM,FORMERLY HALF JEWISH AND HALF CHRISTIAN I OBVIOUSLY DO
NOT QUITE AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR BUT OTHERWISE
HIS GENERAL POST ABOUT MITHRA IS ACCURATE AND VALUABLE TO KNOW IN THE
FRAMEWORK OF MIDDLE EAST RELIGIONS..:"Muhammad did almost exactly the
same, following Moses footsteps, using the same revolting doctrines and tactics to become the Islamic Emperor of the world, calling himself last god messenger. Through the same brainwashing methods Muhammad and his criminal army converted, subjugated and murdered the nonbelievers, followed by the plunder, enslavement and rape of the captive virgins of any age."
I WILL GET BACK ON THIS AND MUSLIM TOPICS LATER ON/DR.NUR
"Muhammad did almost exactly the same, following Moses footsteps, using
the same revolting doctrines and tactics to become the Islamic Emperor
of the world, calling himself last god messenger. Through the same
brainwashing methods Muhammad and his criminal army converted,
subjugated and murdered the nonbelievers, followed by the plunder,
enslavement and rape of the captive virgins of any age.
7:10 AM"
I
do not admit LIES on any respectable blog and will not waste my time
with authors of LIES or with lunatics that have escaped from mental
institutions or some other kind of prisons!
I see enough filths on Zionist and racist websites.
The Afro-Arabian Origins of the Israelites and Ishmaelites – by – Dana Marniche
WHO WERE THE ISHMAELITES
Regions to Know
Hejaz – western region of Arabia stretching between the region south of
Sinai to the Yemen. Major cities include Mecca, Medina and Jiddah.
Nejd – Central Arabia now including Yemamah region originally
stretched to the Euphrates. It is bounded by the Hejaz in the West and
by Bahrein in the East and the Yemen in the south.
Tehama - Hijaz
Yemen – was the general name for all of the southern portion of Arabia.Al Harra or Harrah – a volcanic region now encompassing northwestern
Arabia once included similar region stretching into southern Syria.
Medina was in the area of Harra.
Roman general Marcellinus wrote the following on the nomads of Arabia
circa 4th century A.D. “Among these tribes, whose primary origin is
derived from the cataracts of the Nile and the borders of the Blemmyae,
all the men are warriors of equal rank; half naked, clad in colored
cloaks down to the waist, overrunning different countries, with the aid
of swift and active horses and speedy camels, alike in times of peace
and war.” 380 A.D. The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, Book
XIV.iv.1-7. Translation by C.D. Yonge. 1894 George Bell and Sons. (The
Blemmyae were a people of Nubia. )
According to Western historical interpretation the Semites were the
Hebrews and Arabians, Hamites were Africans and Japhetites were either
Europeans or East Asians depending on the period. The notion that Shem,
Ham and Japhet were peoples of varied appearance is something that is
contradicted in early Arabian genealogical sources. In Arabian tradition
the descendants of Noah were Arabians who had settled various lands
after the flood.
During the Middle Ages the term “Saracen” stood for any nomadic or
bedouin clan of the Middle East, including Kurds and Syrians. However, a
millennium earlier when Ammianus Marcellinus wrote of the Nubian
origins of the Saracens, the term signified only the bedouin of Arabian
stock. Among them were the historical descendants of Tamudi or
Thamudenioi Equites (equestrians) of Duma’at al Jandal in Jordan (Dumah
of Bible), Hagarenes or Agarenioi (Hagar daughter the people of Misrah),
Naba’aiti (Nabataeans of Petra), Kedrai ( Kedar), all people of Jordan
and the Palmyrenes, Ghassanitae or Kassan in Wadi Madyan (Jokshan or
Kushan brother of Midian), Maddenioi or Madani (Madan, brother of
Midian) all located in those times in the area between southern Syria,
North and Central West (Tihama) Arabia. There were also the Macae, Makka
or Makkan (of Wady Makna), Macetae, Messenians in the same region and
in Oman, and Scenitae or Ascitae (Hasik or Sakun) and Homeritae (Humayr
or Himyarites) in the south (modern Yemen, Hadramaut, Aden, Oman).
By the start of the Christian era and up until the Middle Ages the
name of the “Saracens” were considered to have been derived from the
name of Sarah, wife of Abraham. Thus as late as the 14th century the
following was written of the Arabians , “Peple þat cleped hem self
Saracenys, as þogh þey were i-come of Sarra” – translated, “People that
called themselves Saracens, as though they were come of Sarah [John of
Trevisa, transl. Higdon’s Polychronicon, 1387]
The names of the “Saracen Bedouin” are also mentioned over a thousand
years before Marcellinus in the texts of Assyrian kings who often
fought with them and refer to them by such names as Qidar, Tamudi,
Naba’aiti Ma’asei and Kushi. The Nab’aiti in particular, occupants of
Petra and Jordan were among those classified as “Amurru” or Amorites, a
name which had come to mean westerner.
Children of Isma’il, son of Hagar
Dumah or Duma’at Jandal in Jordan was the major town of the Thamud
(or Samud See part I on the Mahra). They were called Idumaeans
descendants of the Edomites.
Jordanian Arab
Some of the other children of Isma’il son of Hagar are according to
Genesis tradition the Naba’aithi, Kedar, Massa, are called children of
Ishmael son of Hagar, daughter Misraite woman. According to Achtemeier,
Paul J., Th.D., Harper’s Bible Dictionary, (San Francisco: Harper and
Row, Publishers, Inc.) 1985, the term “Ishamelite” was synomous with the
term “Midianites.”Biblical book Habakkuk 3:7 speaks of Jokshan as Kushan. “The prophet
Habbakuk parallels Kushan with Midian: The tents of Kushan…the dwellings
of Midian ….” The identification of the children of Keturah with the
children of Hagar is witnessed in Genesis 37:28 and other places where
the Midianites are called Ishmaelites. “Some Midianite traders passed
by, so pulling Joseph up, they (his brothers) lifted him out of the pit.
They sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites for twenty shekels of silver.”
The tribes of Kushan are historically known in the works of Ptolemy.
The same tribe is named by Agatharchides as Cassandreis and circa 1st
century by Diodorus of Sicily “the Gasandi”. In Arabia they were
originally living in an area called Wadi Madyan in Jordan and extended
into Egypt where the land was named Goshen or Guzan (in the area of
modern Gaza) ; they were also located southeast of Mecca and later are
the early Arabian Christians called Ghassan in Syria. In Samaritan Greek
translations of the Bible the word Kush is translated as “Ethiopian”
because they (the Kushan) also lived in Africa under the name Kush in
what was then Nubia and this was also part of Arabia of early Greek
writers, like Strabo and Diodorus. “Ethiopia”, however, had become the
term for all black peoples whom according to Ephorus of the 4th c. B.C.
had “occupied all of the southern coasts of Asia”. Later, Greek Biblical
translators saw no inconsistency in calling northern Arabians,
“Ethiopians” since they were an extension of the “Kushi” in Africa south
of Egypt.
The Ishmaelites or descendants of Hagar, and the Midianites or
Kushites (Jokshan or Kushan) of Keturah of the Bible were unquestionably
one and the same Ethiopian people. They were settled on both sides of
the Arabian sea in the time of Josephus – who claimed that Keturah and
the children and grandchildren were those who had settled the region of
the Ethiopian trogodytae.
Ethiopia was Arabia for the Greek writers of the start of the
Christian era as much as Arabia was an extension of Ethiopia, Ethiopia
was considered Arabia. The name Kush in the Bible is also used for the
tribes known as Kushan or Jokshan.
Saba is a child of Kush, son of Ham and is also Saba (or Sheba) who
was in fact a child of Jokshan and with Dedan (or Yudadas), another
descendant of Keturah) “inhabited Western Ethiopia,” see Josephus
Antiquities and were no doubt partly responsible for the name of the
region of Kush. Josephus and Strabo claimed the inhabitants of Meroe
were “Arabians” and Sabaeans and everything east of the Nile in the
troglodyte country were Arabian.
According to David Goldberg’s, The Curse of Ham, “The identity of the
Arabian Kush with Midian is the key to understanding the passage in
numbers that speaks of Moses Kushite wife. According to the earlier
biblical narrative Moses indeed had a wife, Zipporah, who was Midianite
(Ex 2:21). When the Bible says that therefore that Moses had a Kushite
wife, it is referring to the same Midianite wife of Zipporah, but is
using the ancient name of her people. The Kushite of Num. 12:1 is just
another name for the Midianite. The identity of the names is found in
Christian sources as early as a fifth century and in Jewish sources of
the Hellenistic period and the later Middle Ages.” P. 28 The Curse of
Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity and Islam.,
published 2003.
In Arabian tradition Ziphorah the Kushite is called Za’afira, Zarifah
or Saffureh and she is “the diviner or prophetess and wife of Amr bin
Amir Ma’as Sama who was surnamed Muzaikiya or Muzaiqiya (Moses) .
Kitab-alaghaniy called the prophetess of the tribe Tarikah. She is
Tarikha el Himyari for her mother was a woman of the tribe of Himyar.
Other sources say that Tarikha, Zarifah or Saffureh was the same as
Keturah. In fact these names all appear to be etymologically related or
varied spellings of the same name.
The origins of the name Jokshan or Kush (Kushan or Gassan):
“Do unto them as unto the Midianites; as to Sisera, as to Jabin, at the brook of Kishon:” Psalms 83:9
Jokshan was brother of Midian, a child of Keturah – those familiar
with early Christian history are aware of the name of the Gassan tribe
of “Saracen” Arabians who settled Syria in the first centuries after
Christ and who were in fact among the earliest Christians. The Banu
Ghassan according to Arabian tradition had received their name from a
brook located in the souther Hejaz of western Arabia near Zebid.
This tradition is well known in Arabia, “From the great family of
Cahlan (descendant of Cahtan) the Azdite branch supplied to Mecca the
tribe of the Khaza’a, and to Medina the Aus and Khazraj, while to Syria
it gave the dynasty of Ghassan.” see p. 371, Calcutta Review published,
1853.
The Khazras
The Khazras were the traditional inhabitants of the city of Medina
and comprised the ansar or “companions” of Muhammed, along with their
brethren the Awza or Aus. Historical descriptions of the Khazraj
(sometimes written Gazras or Khazras) are telling. One such reference
was with regards to the early aristocratic leader of the Khazraj tribe,
Ubada bin Samit, who had been sent on a diplomatic mission to the then
Byzantine rulers of Egypt:
‘“When the companion Ubada bin Samit led a delegation to Muwqaqis”
the Christian Byzantine red haired ruler of Alexandria is said to have
exclaimed “get this black man away from me…how can you be content that a
black man be your leader.”’ See David Goldenberg, The Curse of Ham, p.
107.
Ubadah, a pure Arabian aristocrat of the Khazraj tribe was described
as very tall and black as were apparently many clans of the Arabian
peninsula at the time. He was literally said to have been a commander of
thousands of men who were of his complexion. This has apparently caused
some European political historians chagrin, as a conservative American
political commentator, David Pipes, made the following statement in the
article, “Slave Soldiers in Muslim Armies”, in the International Journal
of African Historical Studies with regard to Ubada and his compatriots.
“I shall assume that any body of blacks refers to Africans, since it
is unlikely that a group of swarthy Caucasians would band together.
Thus, while Ubada bin As-Samit is quite clearly an Arabian, the
thousands of blacks he commands must be African.” The International
Journal of African historical Studies, Vol. 13, No. 1 (1980) pp. 87-94.
Daniel Pipes.
Whatever the meaning ‘swarthy Caucasians” it is clear that Pipes,
like so many other European historians haven’t made themselves familiar
with Arabian histories and has been influenced by the notorious wishful
thinking of their own ancestors inspired by the ridiculous notion of
black and cursed “Hamites” as perennial slaves of a presumably
fair-skinned, “semitic” people and imaginary fair “Japhetic” tribes.
This warped view of separate differently colored “children of Noah” has
often been wrongly taken as fact even by “Afrocentric” historians,
causing still more unnecessary confusion.
The tribes of Ubada bin As-Samit’s homeland in Arabia’s volcanic
Harrah were said to be black in complexion by al Jahiz (an Iraqi writer
who appeared to have had a Zanj east African grandfather) living in the
9th c A.D. The grandfather of the prophet Mohammed, himself, named Abd
al Mutallib, son of Hashim, was the son of a Khazraj woman from Yathrib.
And, it has been often quoted from Jahiz that “The sons of Muttalib
were massive in stature and black”. Among the most famous branches of
the Khazraj were the Sulaym ibn Mansour to be discussed below. The
complexion of the Sulaym tribes of al Harra and the Hejaz or northwest
Arabia is said by al Jahiz to be “black” as the volcanic lava of the
region. Ibn Athir also described a man of the Sulaym as “black” and
called them of the “pure Arabs”.
The tribe Ubadah belonged to was the Auf bin Sulaym or belonging to
the Auf branch of the Sulaym according to Tabari and others. See Last
Years of the Prophet by Tabari, translation Ismail Poonawala and Ismail
Husayn p. 358, footnote, or Biographies of the Prophets Companions and
Successors, p. 28, fn. Translation Ella Landon-Tasseron, 1998.
Only 600 years after Ibn Athir , Muhammed Sadiq Bey (a man of Turkish
ancestry of Egyptian birth) mentioned the inhabitants Medina (home of
the Khazraj) in 1861. He “described Madinah and its inhabitants… The
people of Madinah were of ‘a dark, almost black complexion,’ although
some were ‘light-skinned, almost white.’” See “Pioneer Photographer of
the Holy Cities” by John De St. Jorre, in the magazine Saudi Aramco
World, Jan Feb 1999.
The Ghassan
The Ghassan were a closely related tribe of the Khazraj were the Banu
Gassan or Ghassan (Jokshan) They are often described as an ancient
offshoot of the tribes Aws and Khazraj whose ancestors Jafna and
Thalabiyah had been followers of Muzaikiyah from Iram and Marib and who
had settled in the area of Medina and the Harra before the time of
Mohammed. They were the descendants of the tribe of Kahlan (brother of
Himyar) that had left Marib in Saba in the time of following their
leader “Muzaikiya” the sooth-sayer.
The relationship of Muzaikiyyah to Biblical Moses was discussed in
Part I. Immanuel Velikovsky, author of Ages in Chaos, wrote of this
Arabian tradition: “In the region of Marib was staying a tribe that had
arrived there only a short time before. According to al-Masudi, the king
[in other sources the ruler of the tribe] was Amr the son of Amir; he
had the surname Mozaikiya. He had a divine brother whose name was Amran.
The ruler had for wife a woman skilful in the art of divination; her
name was Zarifah” Masudi, Murudij al-Dhabab, Vol. III, pp. 374f. Cf.
Nuwairi, Chap. IV. See Sources of God and Silver in Islam , D. M.
Dunlop.
The people of Amr bin Amir the soothsayer after being expelled by Akk
bin Adnan disengaged and dispersed in idifferent directions. Jafna bin
Amr bin Amir settled in Syria, Aus and Khazraj settled in Yathrib and
Khuza’a went to Marra.
Velikovsky, wrote, “They continued on their way and came to a camp
between the land of the Aharites and Akk, near a pool named Gassan,
between two valleys called Zebid and Rima, and they drank the water of
the pool.” Zabid is the ancient capital of Tihama which was part of the
southern Hejaz. This is also a reference to the land of the Achar and
Og, the Amorite ruler of the Bible.”
Of the ancestors of the Ghassan or Kushan it is written, ‘Jafna bin
‘Amr and his family, headed for Syria where he settled and initiated the
kingdom of Ghassan who was so named after a spring of water, in Hijaz,
where they stopped on their way to Syria.” The spring, stream or brook,
pool of water the Ghassan is otherwise known in the Bible as Kishon or
Kison. In Judges 5:21 of the Bible it is written, “Then Elijah said to
them, Seize the prophets of Baal; do not let one of them escape. So they
seized them; and Elijah brought them down to the brook Kishon, and slew
them there” and in Psalm 83:9 “the torrent of Kishon” is also
mentioned.
Marib the capital of ancient Saba was evidently the Meriba of the
book of Exodus. The story of Jafna, Muzaikiya and Tha’labah is
unmistakably too similar to that of Jephuneh and his father Caleb in the
Bible to be coincidental. (Tha’labah is sometimes written Salabiyyah.)
While the Midianites at the torrent of Kishon are the people known as
Jokshan or Kushan or Midianites of Habakkuk, Chronicles and Genesis.
They are the same as the Kushi in the tents of Kedar and the reason
Ziphorah the Midianite is named “a Kushite” woman (later translated
Ethiopian). It is also said that the brethren of Jafna, descendants of
“Tha‘labah bin ‘Amr left his tribe Al-Azd for Hijaz and dwelt between
Tha‘labiyah and Dhi Qar. When he gained strength, he headed for Madinah
where he stayed. Of his seed are Aws and Khazraj, sons of Haritha bin
Tha‘labah.” And “Imran bin ‘Amr and his folks went to ‘Oman where they
established the tribe of Azd whose children inhabited Tihama and were
known as Azd-of-Shanu’a.
Imran bin Amr was no doubt Aaron the brother of Moses. Amr his father
is thus Amram the father of Aaron and Moses. “And at the end of forty
days they came to Moses and Aaron, and they brought him word as it was
in their hearts, and ten of the men brought up an evil report to the
children of Israel, of the land which they had explored, saying, It is
better for us to return to Misraim than to go to this land, a land that
consumes its inhabitants. But Joshua the son of Nun, and the son of
Jephuneh, who were of those that explored the land, said, The land is
exceedingly good.”
The tall black Khazraj of Medina the Harrah who were the same as the
Kush or Ghassan were thus a remnant of the children of not only of the
Keturah or the Midianite followers of Moses, but were in Arabian
tradition the descendants of Jephuneh and Caleb brother of Kenaz who
fathered Othniel the first Judge of Israel – the Kenizzites were, like
the Amalekites, descendants of Eliphaz in the Bible.
Josephus replaces the word Jokshan with Jazar which is Arabic for
Gezer or the Khazraj who are also called Khazara, Hazraj, Gazras in
various translations.
The Fall of the Pure and Matrifocal Arabians
By the time of Muhammed, Iranians and Romans had strong influence on
the both the early Afro-Arabs of Arabia and Syria peninsula. Several
early writers spoke of the destruction of the matrifocal tradition and
Goddess worship of the Afro-Arabians indigenous populations of the
Hejaz. The authors seem to have taken particular satisfaction in the
smiting of the daughters of Allah and other Goddesses worshipped by the
Khazraj. According to Muslim documents these idols were accustomed to
manifesting themselves as “wailing black women” with “disheveled hair”
when later followers of the Prophet came to destroy their temples:
“…worshipped by the Azd, Sa’d bin Zaid Ashhal was sent to the idol
temple of Menat to demolish it, this being the idol of the tribes of
Aus, Khazraj and Ghusan. When Sa’d entered the temple of Menat he beheld
a black woman with dischevelled hair coming out of it… but S’ad
finished her with one blow of his sword. “ From Garden of Purity by
Mirkhond The Rayzat – in Safa translation E. Rehatsak printed by the
Royal Asiatic Society , London, 1891-1894.
Al Tabari born in Central Asia in the 9th century mentions the
goddess Uzza or Azziz-lat another emanation of Allat, daughter of Allah:
“‘I have destroyed it.’ he said to Muhammad. ‘Did you see anything.’
‘No.’ ‘Then.’ Muhammad said, ‘go back and kill her.’ So Khalid returned
to the idol. He destroyed her temple and broke her graven image. The
shrine’s keeper began saying, ‘Rage, Oh Uzza, display one of your fits
of rage.’ Whereupon a naked, wailing Ethiopian woman came out before
him. Khalid killed her and took the jewels that were on her. Then he
went back to Allah’s Messenger and gave him a report. ‘That was
Al-Uzza,’ Muhammad said. ‘Al-Uzza will never be worshiped again.’” –
Another translation says “Khalid Ben Alwalid destroyed the idol
temple of Uzza and a nude black women with disheveled hair manifested.
Al walid exclaimed, ‘Thou art not to be believed, nor to be praised.
Allah has humbled thee!” Uzza was venerated especially by the Shayban
(belonging to the Bakr bin Wa’il) a vassal tribe of the Sulaym.
Cleodemus and Josephus claimed that aside from Jazar (Khazara) who
was Jokshan, other tribes of Keturah who had entered and settled the
Trogodyte area of Africa were the Midianites (of Mady’an, Sinai, Gaza)
and the children of Midian and Madan, the Afran and Japhren, Abida,
Anoch, Ephah and Eldad (or Yada’il) were found in Africa. Midian’s
brother Jokshan begat Sheba, and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were
Asshurim, and Letushim, and Leummim. Sheba or Saba occupied the Nile
including Meroe where the tribes were also described as tall and black.
The tribes of Dedan and Ashurim were occupants of Ethiopia and the
Sahara. Ashurim or Surim in fact were known in Roman times, and
considered as a branch of the Levathes Mauri or Maurusioi of the Sahara.
They are the historical people variously called Ausuriani, Austuriani,
Astrikes, Astacures or Saturiani in Roman texts named after their
ancestor Ashur, Assheran or Saturn whom the Greeks called Chronus and
the Mesopotamians, Zeruan or Zervan Akarene, ruler of time.
In his Book 1 Chapter 15 called “How the Nation of the Trogodytes
were Derived from Abraham by Keturah” the following is written:
“Now the sons of Sous (Shasu or Shuwa)were Sabathan and Dadan. The
sons of Dadan were Latusim, and Assur, and Luom. The sons of Madiau were
Ephas, and Ophren, and Anoch, and Ebidas, and Eldas. Now, for all these
sons and grandsons, Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies; and
they took possession of Troglodytis, and the country of Arabia the
Happy, as far as it reaches to the Red Sea. It is related of this
Ophren, that he made war against Libya, and took it, and that his
grandchildren, when they inhabited it, called it (from his name) Africa.
And indeed Alexander Polyhistor gives his attestation to what I here
say; who speaks thus: “Cleodemus the prophet, who was also called
Malchus, who wrote a History of the Jews, in agreement with the History
of Moses, their legislator, relates, that there were many sons born to
Abraham by Keturah: nay, he names three of them, Apher, and Surim and
Japhran. That from Surim was the land of Assyria denominated; and that
from the other two (Apher and Japhran) the country of Africa took its
name, because these men were auxiliaries to Hercules, when he fought
against Libya and Antaeus; and that Hercules married Aphra’s daughter,
and of her he begat a son, Diodorus; and that Sophon was his son, from
whom that barbarous people called Sophacians were denominated.””
Josephus wrote that Dedan or Yudadas (Judah?) were settlers of
“Western Ethiopia”. The name Ditanu or Tidanu according to Cyrus Gordon
and later historians is the early Mesopotamian name for the south
Arabian originated people known as Amorites or (Amurrim). He is also the
Afro-Arabian and African nilotic deity Dedun whom the Greeks call
Titan. The Sabaeans were the inhabitants of Meroe and Sabtah were the
historical Astaborans along the Nile in Africa. The Titans or Sabaeans
were in both legend and tradition said to be very tall statured people.
The word Titan is related to that of Ad, Adad, Hadad or Shadad and
Chedid all sons of descendants of Ad.
By late or Greco- Roman (Byzantine) times in Syria and the West not
only the word Midianite or Kushites, but each of the names Nabit, Kedar,
Canaan, Ham and Misrah had come to signify blackness – not because
these peoples had come from Nubia, but because Arabians of that day were
also known to the inhabitants of Syria and other places northward as
black in color or “Ethiopians”.
Naba’ait, 1st son of Isma’il
David Goldberg wrote, “… al Dimashqi who lists the Nabataeans (Nbt)
among the descendants of Ham together with the Copts, the BrBr (Berbers)
and the Sudan … and the Akkbar al Zaman, which lists the Nabit , among
the children of Canaan ” also said the word, ‘Nabit’ signifies ‘
‘black’…” see p. 313, The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early
Judaism, Christianitym and Islam by David Goldenberg. (Al Dimashqi was a
Syrian of Damascus. )
The word Nabataean came from the major African-Arabian deity Nabu or
Nebo which was in the West called Mercury. It originally signified a
prophet, its meaning having originally nothing to do with blackness,
however, due to the African appearance of the Nabataeans also known as
the “Anbat Saraceni”, the word came to signify black. Certain bedouin
clans of the Nabataean regions like Petra, Wadi Rum and other areas of
Jordan such as the Huwat’at or Haweitat who claim descent from the
Nabataeans, are still near black in color.
One European traveler as late as 1887 wrote of a sheikh of the
Haweitat tribes in the region of northwest Arabia: “The sheikh soon
afterwards appeared. He was a dirty, truculent looking fellow, with very
black eyes and very white teeth, a sinister expression, and complexion
scarcely less dark than that of a negro.” P. Austen Henry Layard, Early
Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia: Including … pg. 32.
Published by J. Murray.
The Huwaytat, are in fact, one of the many Arabian tribes still
living in Jordan and Sinai that came to settle in Egypt and Sudan and
make up part of the Ababdeh or Ababideh along the Red Sea coasts of
Egypt and Sudan.
Circa 9th thc. A.D. the Muslim historian al Masudi from Baghdad
wrote, “The Nabataeans founded the city of Babylon and were those
descendants of Ham who settled in the same province under the leadership
of Nimrod, the son of Cush, who was the son of Hamm…This took place at
the time when Nimrod received the governship of Babylonia as the
delegate of Dzhahhak.”
In Arabian tradition Nimrod of Babylon is known Nomeir, Numeiri or
Numayr ibn Kasit (Casit or Qasit) (Namir or Numayr meaning panther). He
is sometimes called Nomeir son of Arfakhshad (Aur or Ur Khasdim) son of
Shem which links him to the people called to the historical Chaldeans.
But, in the Bible Nimrod is the son of Kush, son of Ham. The suggestion
is that Kush has some connection to the name of the Kasdim who were the
people also called Chaldeans. Kush father of Nimrod is called child of
Ham, while Arfakshad or Kasit father of Numayr refers to the Ur Khasdim
and was called the first child of Shem. Kamal Salibi in the Bible Came
from Arabia identifies this town with present (Maqsud or Wariyah Maqsud
of southern Arabia.).
Kedar 2nd son of Ismail
Kedar the second son of Isma’il is the name of another group which
also came to signify blackness. The word Kedar or Kidar was apparently
related to the word Khadar or Akhdar, originally the word for a greenish
iron. It, thus, came to signify strength and power or otherwise things
that were either green or black. The word “green” is often used in the
Arabian and Sudanese Arabic to describe individuals of dark brown
complexion.
A European Targum text Song 1:5 employs the phrase “as black as the
Kushi who live in the tents of Kedar.” In the tradition of Syria and in
the later European Jewish or Rabbinic tradition the Kushi signified
black peoples which in fact became derogatory.
Who are Biblical Massa, Tema, and Dedan – children of Hagar and Keturah?
Massa.
The records of the Assyrian King Tiglath Pileser III of the 7th c.
B.C. mentions the Arabian clans of the Maasaai or Mash’aai and of Tema
(also written Tayma or Teima), who paid him tribute. The tribe of
Maasei’ah or Maasei are mentioned together with Ishmael in the book of
Ezra chapter 10, both are children of Harim and of Pashur. These are the
Massa who figure among children of Ishmael in the book of Genesis.
On the summit of Jebal Ghunaym, located about fourteen kilometers
south of modern Tayma in Jordan, archeologists discovered some graffiti
texts mentioning the tribe Massaa, in connection with Dedan and the
Neba’aith (Nabataeans). Josephus circa 1st c. connects the name of Massa
with the Saracen Mesenaeans whom Ptolemy calls Masanioi living
northeast of Dumah (in Jordan). These were the Masanioi who founded the
Kingdoms of Mesene (Maysan) near Basra where the Tigris and Euphrates
meet at the shore of the Persian Gulf. [editors note] “A substantive
population of black Iraqis still live in Basra to this present day.”
Individuals of the tribe of Mash’ai living in Oman in Arabia are
described and shown in a photograph in a book by Bertram Thomas. They
are described as “very dark brown” in color. It is not impossible they
are the remnant of the ancient Maasei/Mashaai of Assyrian records who
founded the kingdom of Mesene.
Teima or Tayim received its name from the Banu Tayyi, a tribe associated with the A’d or Adites.
HOW ISRAEL AND THE LEVITES BRANCHED OFF FROM ISHMAEL
“‘Descendants of Kedar son of Ishmael lived long in Mecca and of them issued Adnan and his son Ma’ad and his son Nizar” .
In most Arabian genealogical tradition among the descendants of
Ishmael who we have just shown were otherwise called Midianites, were
the Hawazin, Sulaym and Mazin, three sons of Mansour, son of Ikrima, son
of Khasafa, son of Al Nas or Qays Ailan. “From Mazin bin Mansour bin
Ikrima were the Khazraj and Aus or Awza children of Tha’laba or
Salebiyya and Jafna. “ The tribes of Mansour or Manasse’ir had branched
off from the Ma’adi who appear to have been the origin of the Ma’adi’ah a
family of priests (Levites) named in (Nehemiah 12). It will be shown
that Mansour or Manasse’ir is the same as Manasseh, child of Joseph and
that in genealogy of Arabia most of Mansour’s descendants figure among
the children of Levi in the Bible who had been captured by Bukht al
Nasir (Nebuchadnezzar) the Chaldean in charge of Babylon centuries
before the Christian era.
According to the findings of Kamal Salibi, Israel and Canaan were
originally names of areas of southwest Arabia. Salibi discovered the
identity of the names of hundreds of villages and localities of the
Biblical Judah and Israel in the Yemen, Hejaz, and Tihama regions which
have yet to be located in modern Israel and Palestine. His proposal was
not acceptable to modern European historians for nationalist and
political reasons. Yet the early Arab writings have also showed that the
tribes descended from Ismail and the Levites, Israelites, Ismaelites
and Edomites were in fact one and the same. Apparently a portion of the
children of Israelites otherwise or simultaneously known as Midianites
who settled in the Hejaz and Tihama came to be called the children of
Ishmael.
Abd al Wahhab, an 18th century Arabian born in the Nejd (of present
Saudi Arabia) in the text Mukhtasar Seerat ar-Rasul (Biography of the
Prophet) was one of the last to recount the genealogy that many
historians previous to him had given with regards to the living tribes
of Arabia. Nizar (also known as Nasr) son of Ma’ad, son of Adnan had
four sons who branched out into the tribes of Rabi’a, Mudar (Muzar),
Anmar and Eyad (Jadah). Mudar or Muzar branched into the two great
divisions of Qais Ailan or El Nas and El Yas. The former gave birth to
the Ghatafan and Khasafa father of Ikrima father of Mansur. Mansur
fathered three children, Mazin, Hawazin and Sulaym or Salim. Khasafa’s
brother, Ghatafan through Reishi gave birth to Ashja’a, Zubyan and Abs,
the Bahila and Sad Manat. From Zubyan also came the Fezara.
El Nas and Ghatafan are mentioned in the Bible as the families of the
Judaeans, Neziah and Hatipha in the Biblical book of Ezra 2:54 and
Nehemiah 7:56. El Yas, brother of El Nas, was undoubtedly Elias which is
sometimes translated Elijah in the Bible. “Then Elijah said to them,
Seize the prophets of Baal; do not let one of them escape.” So they
seized them; and Elijah brought them down to the brook Kishon, and slew
them there.” This is the brook from which the “Ghusan or Kushan (or
Jokshan Midianites) were named.
While Khasafa, brother of Ghatafan is apparently Hasupha or Chasupha
of Ezra 2:43. They are classified as Levites or priests. Zubyan and
Ashja’a, descendants of Ghatafan are mentioned in Genesis 36:24 as
Zibeon and his son Ajah or Aia descendants of Se’ir, the Horite and
Hivites of Cana’an. Zibeon and Se’ir are also descendant of Esau or Edom
in Genesis. Khasafa’s son, Ikrima, is obviously Kirama of Ezra 2:26.
Fazara is evidently Passhur the Levite, and father of Maasei’ah in Ezra
2:38. Reishi is likely Rosh, son of Benjamin. Bahila is Bilhah, handmaid
of Rachel. The Manat took their name from the Goddess who was called
Manah or Manat and correspond to descendants of Manahath the second son
of Se’ir the Horite.
The pasture grounds of the Zubyan (also written Dhubyan or Dhubian)
lay to the east of Medina in the time of Ubadah where they dwelt along
with all of the other descendants of Ghatafan.
According to Tabari, Wahhab and other genealogists of the Arabian
tribes, Sulaym bin Mansour belonged to the Auf clan of the Khazraj and
from Ghatafan came the tribes named Assiyeh , Rahil and Zakwan. Mansour
or Manase’ir son of Ikrima, is the Biblical Manasseh, child of Joseph
and Asenath, daughter of Potiphera a priest of Ra at On. Thus Assiyeh
was Asenath, wife of Joseph (Asaf), while the name of the tribe of
Ra’ala (Ruhayla or Rahil descended from Ghatafan) is Rachel, mother of
Joseph. (One writer calls her the wife of Potiphar). This is why Tabari
in The History of El Tabari Vol. III, ‘The Children of Israel”, calls
Assiyeh “an Israelite woman”.
In Arabian tradition Rahil or Ra’ala es- Saidi was from the noble
family of the Djurhumites (Djorham or Jurham is Biblical Hadoram) who
were the historical Adramitae of the Sabaean kingdom (mentioned by Pliny
1st century and Ptolemy later called Dreematae or Dareem) daughter of
the ruler Modad of the Hejaz (southwestern Arabia.) Rahil married
Ishma’il, the son of Hagar, who was also called Keturah variously called
daughter of Joktan, or Japhet in the European Rabbinic traditions. They
had 3 children Nebait, Kedar and Mahalath. Thus the Arabian tradition
makes the tribe of Djurham or Dareem occupants of Hejaz and Yemen
ancestors of both Israel and the Ismaelites. This leaves open the
possility that Ishma’il is the same as Asma who is in one early Arabian
tradition called the father of Qahtan (biblical Joktan). Ibn Ishaq, was
an Arabian born in Medina in the 8th century makes Isma’il the father of
Qahtan.
The ruler Asaf, according to Arabian tradition corresponding to the
Bible story of Joseph was put in control of Misrah by the Hyksos or
Amalekite rulers Raian (El Riyan) and Walid, who ruled in Egypt. Misrah,
however, also include Musra or Musran a region or village and people
synonymous with the Meluhha or Amalekites living next to and controlling
the Egypt of the Hyksos period. In the Bible, Joseph is called a son of
Jacob who is identified by some archeologists as the Hyksos ruler who
figures on Egyptian scarabs as Yaqub Hor or Yaqub El. In the Bible,
Jacob is, of course, also called “Israel”.
It was very likely that in this time the tribes known as Sulaym bin
Mansour (historical Solymi or Soleimi) and other Canaanite or Amalekite
peoples came to found the northern Cana’an settlement of Hierosolymi
(Jerusalem) in Palestine and to settle other regions around the coast,
including the Mediterranean Isles and Iran in the East. It was from here
the Anakim of Canaan settled and were called Ph’anakes by the
Greco-Egyptian historian Manetho, “Phoenicians” by other Greeks and
Fenkhu in ancient Egyptian inscriptions.
Josephus refers to the Amalekites as “the Phoenician shepherds”.
Cathim, traditionally known as “an Amalekite” also went down in the
tradition of the Greeks as Cethimus. Josephus said Chethim became the
name of all of the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts because of the
colonizations of his people. The city of Citium or Khittium in Cyprus
was also populated by these Phoenicians and Diogenes Laertius said one
of their descendants, Zeno the founder of Stoicism is said to be “gaunt,
very tall and black” with a twisted neck and called “Egyptian vine
shoot” because of it.
In North Africa they were in fact the people recorded in Roman
documents and by later Arabic writers as Uakutameni, Maketae or
Micutateni of the Tunisian coast and the Atlas (a tribe mentioned by
Diodorus Siculus circa 1st c. as the color of Ethiopians) and as the
Ketama or Kitama whom 11th century Christian Iraqi ibn Butlan says were
black. See on this blog, ‘The Appearance of the Original Berbers
According to European Perceptions” edited by Dana Marniche,
www.rastalivewire.com . In the Bible they are the children of Heth or
Kheth as well as Kittim descendants of Japhet. Makitan is still the name
of the eastern branches of the Tuareg, and their script called
“Tifinagh” is thought to mean “belonging to the Phoenicians”.
Meluhha (Amlikhu) had been known in earlier Akkadian inscriptions as
well. According to Samuel Noah Kramer founder of Sumerian studies, in
the Akkadian dialect Meluhha came to mean “the place of black men” . See
p. 277 in The Sumerians ( University of Chicago Press, 1963,
pp.276-285). The Amalekites or Phoenician shepherds as Josephus calls
them and the Ketama (Imakitan) were one. The Amlakh mentioned as a a
batn or clan of Dthu Ru’ayn or Rahawein now located in Somalia. The
Somalian Afar/D’anakil and Tuareg people represent the tall people of
ancient Arabia known as Anakh, Nakhawil. Afar Ifuraces and Ifuras Tuareg
and other tall peoples remain under their ancient names.
They are the tall Amalek/Meluhha, Philistim, Phoenikes or Anakim,
Amorites/Amurath or Mur’ad, Adites Rephaims, Ditanu, Emim (Umayma), Ilm
–Aroma Ahlam-Aramu. Sabai Sabaeans, and Humayr or Himyarites of old and
of modern Africa and Arabia.
The True Remnants of Hawazin bin Mansour (of Manasseh, son of Joseph)
Through the descendants of Hawazin son of Mansour of the Qays Ailan
(El Nas) came the clans of Beni Amir bin Za’za’a or Sa’sa’ah. Zaza in
the Bible is a descendant of Judah through Jerachmeel brother of Caleb,
both Israelites. Zaza is a grandson of Jada in the Bible, 1 Chronicles
2:33. The Arabian clan of Jada is said to be the son or sometimes the
brother of Kaab bin Rabee’a bin Amir bin Sa’sa.
The genealogy of the Hawazin is the same as the Mazin and Sulaym son
of Mansour, It is Hawazin son of Mansur (Manasseh) son of Ikrima
(Kirama) son of Khasafa (Chasupha)son of Kais Alan son of Mudar or Muzar
(Mizraim).
In the late 19th century, there was a group of Afro-Arabian tribes
living in the region of Khuzestan, Iran and around the Persian Gulf and
the Shott al Arab in Iraq called variously Kaab, (Cha’ab or Chub),
Kuleib, Al Muntafik (or Afek), Khuza’il, Khafajah, Uqayl or Aqil, and
Jada. They are the documented descendants of the Beni Amir bin Sa’sa’a
of the Hawazin bin Mansour, a tall peoples described until the 20th
century as “near black” in color and strongly built. (See below) The
Iranians called them “Tsiab”. [editors note] –“Many of their descendants
live there even today still black in complexion.”
Assyriologists familiar with texts of the neo-Assyrians identify a
king, Haza’il of Adumu one of the Sheikhs of Kedar conquered by
Sennacherib of Assyria. Esarhaddon (7thc.B.C.) the next Assyrian king
met Haza’il and visited the districts of Hazu or Khazu and Bazu where he
succeeded in subduing 7 kings. These are the regions of the tribes Hazo
and Buz of the Bible. See G. Maspero’s, History Of Egypt, Chaldaea,
Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Volume 8. Hazo, was brother of Uz or Huz,
Khesed and Kamuel father of Aram.
It is well known that the Uz were the tribe of Aus or Awza and Buz is
now called Bayzan. There is a Khuza’il also mentioned in the book of
Amos. The land of Khaza’a is also mentioned in the Egyptian Amarna
records of the time of Akhenaton as the land of Hazaa. A people known as
Chub were in alliance with the Egypt at the time of Nebuchadnezzar in
Ezekiel 30:5, they are in league with Phut or Fut and Lud which has
sometimes been wrongly interpreted as Libya and Lydia (in reality the
latter were only two of several regions colonized by the tribes of Fut
and Lud).
According to Al Bukhari or Al Bekri “Afsa bin Haritha bin Amr bin
Amir was from the Khuza’a tribe.” The Bible calls El Afsa , Eliphaz.
“Khuza’a was one group of those who were split from the tribes of Saba
when God sent on them the flood of al-Aram. And the Aws and Khazraj
tribes were from Saba also.” See pp. 1-2, The Life of the Prophet
Muhammad by Ibn Kathir, translation Trevor le Gassick published, 2000.
(Ibn Kathir was a 14th century Syrian.)
Descriptions by European Travelers
Having left the Hejaz before the Christian era, many of the tribes of
the Hawazin were domiciled in Central Arabia (the Nejd) with a
stronghold in a place called Yemamah (Yemamah or Jemimah means ‘little
dove”). After taking up the banner of Islam the Ka’ab bin Rabia, a son
of Beni Amir bin Za’za’ah, and Ka’ab’s sons and brothers Uqayl bin Kaab,
Muntafiq bin Uqayl bin Kaab (to whom belonged the tribe Khuza’il),
Jada’ah bin Ka’ab and Kulaib and other clans of Rabi’a left the
southwest of Yemamah ( north of the Rub al Khali) by the 9th century and
headed for Iraq and Syria in support of other Arabian followers of
Mohammed who had settled those countries. By the 16th century, the clans
of Ka’ab son of Rabia of the Banu Amir bin Za’za’a descendants the Qays
through Hawazin bin Mansour began immigrating to Iran from Iraq and
settled in the Khuzestan region of Iran.
Their descendants are described in the 19th century by orientalist
explorer George Rawlinson, who traveled through the region and described
the Cha’b (also called in recent times Chub, Ka’ab, Kub) and Montefik
bin Uqayl Arabs in Khuzestan as “nearly black” and having the dark
“copper” complexion of the “Galla Ethiopians” and other Abyssinians, See
The Seven Great monarchies of the Ancient World, Vol. 1 (07) p. 35
In 1881, Rawlinsons asserts, “The Cha’ab Arabs, the present
possessors of the more southern parts of Babylonia are nearly black and
the ‘black Syrians’ of whom Strabo speaks seem to represent the
Babylonians.” The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World:
Or, The History, Geography, and Antiquites of Chaldœa, Assyria, Babylon,
Media, and Persia, Vol. II
The Hawazin remnants still in Yemamah are the Dowasir or Ad Dawasir. (See below)
Another “black” tribe known as Khaza’il or Kassahil of the town of
Lamlun in Khuzestan were a people of Muntafik ibn Uqayl bin Kaab. The
early First Encylopaedia of Islam from 1913-1936 says the Khaza’il in
Iran “extended from Lamlun to Diwana where they bordered on the
Muntafik, Muntafik are or wild Afik, Faidj are a subdivision of the
Khaza’il, the most powerful tribe in southern Babylonia.” In Islamic
times the Khafaja a branch of the Muntafiq or Afiq once commanded the
road from Basra to Kufa in Iraq. The Kaab were centered south of Basra.
1829 – The tribes in Yemamah of the Nejd called today Dawas’ir or
Dossariya were a remnant of the Beni Amer bin Sa’sa’ah branch of the
Hawazin, “The Dowaser are said to be very tall men, and almost black. In
former times they used to sell at Mekka ostrich feathers to the
northern pilgrims, and many pedlars of Mekka came here in winter to
exchange cotton stuffs for those feathers.” from John Lewis Burkhardt,
Travels in Arabia. Vol. 1
1844 – Charles Forster writing on, “The marked distinctiveness of the
Dowaser Arabs” says “this striking difference in height and color from
the surrounding tribes is not confined to the Dowaser. The phenomenon
reappears among the Arabs of the Persian Gulf …The Arabs of the Persian
Gulf observed Colonel Chesnesy are a fine race of men, remarkable for
lofty stature and dark complexion, in both respects differing markedly
from the Arabs of the Arabian Gulf.” The Historical Geography of Arabia
by Charles Forster, p. 30.
1859 – The Dowaser are blacker than their neighbours….the tribes
further to the east are those of Mahara, Ad and Amelik” By Robert Gordon
Latham p. 83 Descriptive Ethnology Vol. II London. (The same Ad and
Amalik who had supposedly disappeared or made extinct.)
1894 – On the tribes of Beni Amer ibn Za’za’a Arabians of Khuzestan
Iran, “The faces and limbs of these Arabs were almost black from
constant exposure to the sun. They were nearly naked and their hair was
plaited in long tresses shining with grease…” p. 85 of Henry Layard’s,
Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana and Babylonia, republished 2003
1878 – Francois Lenormant describes people of Lamlun in Iran
(Khaza’il) as “almost Melanian” on p. 351 of his Chaldean magic : or
It’s origin and Development or Magie Chez les Chaldaeans, he also writes
: “Part of the marshy region around the Persian Gulf was inhabited by
people who were nearly black. A remnant of these are yet extant in the
Lamlun whom the French traveler, Texier has described and who are allied
…to the Bisharis…” p. 518-519. (The Bishari or Bishariin are a tribe of
the Bedja living in southern Egypt, Sudan and Eritrea east Africa.)
1884 – “The bas reliefs of Susiana show negroid types and Texier
found the Lamlam tribe in the marshes around the head of the Persian
Gulf to resemble the Bisharin of upper Egypt . Was the Buddha one of
these Kushite Ethiopians?” p. 143 footnotes, Richard Francis Burton The
Book of the Sword republication in 2006. The modern clans of Lamlam
however had later Arabian origins and nothing to do with the earlier
Elamites or Afro-Indic people.
Lastly, W. Robertson Smith in Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia
refers to “the important tribe of ‘Amir ibn Sa’sa’a, a branch of the
great confederation called Hawazin,” as people “which corresponded to
the modern ‘Otaiba.” Of the Otaiba also written (Ateyba, Utaiba, Ateibe,
etc.) a century ago by James Hamilton, “they wore their hair in long
curly plaits” and their skin was “dark brown”. See pp. 129-130,
Wanderings Around the Birthplace of Mohammed, published by R. Bentley,
1857.
To be continued:
Dana Marniche
In the above posting the word Judah? after Dedan and Yudadas is
incorrect, and if I put it there it is a very serious and costly
mistake. The word Yhwd or Judah which comes from a word meaning lion –
“wahd” or “aoud” – had nothing whatsoever to do with the words,
Dedan,Titan or Ditanu an ancient word used for the Amurrite people, and
is etymologically related to the word’s” tit” a hill or pillar of
water. Ancient “Semitic” people called their goddesses “Teta” or Adthat
or “Irthet” like the modern Ethiopians. From which came the Greek
names Titea or Tethis mother of the Titans.
This is very interest what you are doing to educate the wider
public. Keep doing the good works you are doing, your are making a
difference in providing quality information.
This is according to "the world's top Egyptologists", including James
Henry Breasted, Donald Redford, Israel Finkelstein and Prof. Ze'ev
Herzog, the head of archeology at Tel Aviv University .
Prof. Ze'ev Herzog wrote, in a 1999 article in Ha'aretz:
"The Israelites were never in Egypt,
did not wander in the desert, did not conquer the land in a military
campaign and did not pass it on to the 12 tribes of Israel." Ze'ev Herzog.
According to the Egyptian scholar Dr Ashraf Ezzat, the events of the Old Testament occurred in southwestern Arabia.
Brabantian comments on the work of the Egyptian physician Dr Ashraf Ezzat:
"Ezzat marshals a great deal of
evidence that the stories of the Bible ... involve a group of devious
Arabian bandits who became 'the Jews', falsifying their ancient tales
with new locales in Egypt and Palestine.. "The oldest vesions of the Old
Testament Bible we have, are apparently not the 'Hebrew' texts - a
revised concoction of post-Masada Jewish rabbis - but the text composed
in Greek, the 'Septuagint', an alleged Greek 'translation' of Hebrew
texts in Alexandria ... which perhaps re-located Jewish tales into great
ancient Egypt to give them more lustre "Ancient Egypt had voluminous
records ... but essentially zero about the Jews ... it seems 'Pharaoh'
was not even an Egyptian word, but a later imposition upon the history
of Egyptian kings."
Zion is said to be the homeland of the Jews.
In 1977, the Saudi government published a comprehensive list of thousands of place names in Saudi Arabia.
Kamal Salibi, who is Christian and one of the world's top
historians, noticed that many place names in Saudi Arabia relate to the
Old Testament.
Salibi wrote:
"I was simply searching for place-names of non-Arabic origin in west
Arabia, when the evidence that the whole Bible land was here struck me
in the face.
"Nearly all the biblical place-names were concentrated in ... Asir and ... Hijaz."
The Saudi monarchs are reputed to be secretly Jewish.
In 1985, Kamal Salibi concluded that Zion was not located in Israel but in Saudi Arabia.
According to Salibi: The kingdoms of David and Solomon were in the Saudi provinces of Asir and Hijaz.
Nearly all the biblical place-names were concentrated in what are today Asir and the southern part of the Hijaz.
The land God promised to Abraham is in Saudi Arabia.
Moses led the children of Israel across one of the Asir's flash-flooded valleys, not the Red Sea.
Ancient Jerusalem is the present-day Saudi village of Al-Sharim.
The City of David, further South, is on a ridge which today has the name Qawat Sian - the Hill of Zion.
ISIS is said to be the Israeli Secret Intelligence Service.
According to the archaeologists:
"Modern-day Israel has been extensively
dug over for decades without yielding any incontrovertible evidence, in
the form of Hebrew inscriptions referring unambiguously to events,
people, or places named in the Old Testament."
A vibrant Jewish community had populated 3,000 years ago areas that
today belong to Saudi Arabia and that the cities of Medina, Khaybar and
Taymar hosted large numbers of Jews in the 6th and 7th century.
ARABIAN, ARABIANS, ARABS (עֲרַב֒, H6851, עַרְבִ֨ים; ̓́Αραβες).
In the Bible, Arabians refers to the nomads who live in the deserts of
Arabia, esp. in the northwestern part. They are also known by the
general term “people of the East” (Judg 6:3).
Some Arabian tribes mentioned in the Bible are: Amalekites, Buzites,
Dedanites, Hagrites, Ishmaelites, Kadmonites, Kedarites, Kenites, Meunim
or Meunites, Midianites, Naamathites, Sabeans, and Shuhites.
A. History of the Arabs in relation to the Bible.
1. In the time of the patriarchs—Arabian tribes. The Arabs first appear in the Bible in the Table of Nations in Genesis 10 and in other early genealogies. Among the descendants of Cush (10:7),
the following are located in Arabia: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Sheba, and
Dedan. The descendants of Joktan, who was of the line of Shem, include
the following names which have been attached to places in Arabia:
Hazarmaveth, Uzal, Sheba, Ophir, and Havilah (10:25-29).
The names of some of the descendants of Nahor are associated with
tribes or areas in N Arabia: Uz, Buz, Chesed (the sing. of the name
whose pl. is tr. Chaldeans), and Hazo (22:20-23). Of the descendants of Abraham by Keturah (25:1-4),
Sheba is usually associated with S Arabia and the following with N
Arabia: Medan, Midian, Shuah, and Dedan. Most of the names of the
descendants of Ishmael (25:13-16)
refer to tribes or places in NW Arabia, namely: Nebaioth, Kedar, Dumah,
Massa, Tema, and Kedemah. The Arab genealogists also trace their own
ancestry back to Ishmael and Abraham.
The earliest Biblical
incident involving Israelites and Arabs is the selling of Joseph by his
brothers to Arab merchants, who took him to Egypt and sold him there (37:25-28; 39:1). These merchants are called Ishmaelites, which is a general name for Arabs, and they also are called Midianites (37:28), their specific Arab tribe (cf. Judg 6:1; 8:24).
2. In the time of Moses—the Midianites. Moses, after killing an Egyp., fled to Midian, an area and a tribe in NW Arabia, and stayed there many years (Exod 2:15).
There he married Zipporah, the daughter of Reuel (also called Jethro),
the priest of Midian. As a typical Arab, Reuel had flocks (2:16), and Moses adapted to Arab life by tending these flocks (3:1). After the Exodus, the Israelites in the wilderness had to fight Arab tribes such as the Amalekites (17:8-15).
At Rephidim, Jethro came to visit Moses and acknowledged: “Yahweh is greater than all the gods” (18:11, Jerusalem Bible). That he participated in sacrifice to Yahweh and a sacred meal (18:12)
is not sufficient evidence to prove, as some have held, that Yahwism
was derived from the Midianites or the Kenites. Jethro did advise Moses
to appoint subordinate administrators and judges to hear ordinary cases,
presumably as was done among the Midianites (18:13-23). Therefore, the administrative and judicial organization of Israel had an Arab model.
Hobab, the son of Reuel, finally consented to accompany the Israelites to guide them through the wilderness (Num 10:29-32). Hobab and his descendants among the Israelites are called Kenites (Judg 1:16; 4:11),
a tribe, perhaps of metal workers, associated with the Midianites.
Later Midianites joined with the Moabites in opposing the passage of the
Israelites through Trans-Jordan (Num 22:4). Phinehas, a priest, killed Cozbi, a Midianite princess, and the Israelite who had taken her into his tent (ch. 25). The Israelites defeated the Midianites and killed their five kings (31:8).
3. In the time of Gideon—Midianite raids.
The Midianites, with Amalekites and “people of the East” (that is,
people of the Arab country E of Pal.), made raids in Israel with camels (Judg 6:1-6). As in the later Arab ghazw, or razzia
(“raid”), the Midianites seized animals and produce and then returned
to the semi-desert land E and S of the Jordan. Gideon and his band
chased the Midianites away and killed two of their princes (7:25) and two of their kings (8:21). The two princes Oreb (Raven) and Zeeb (Wolf) had animal names, which were common among pre-Islamic Arabs.
4. During the United Kingdom of Israel—Sheba. Both Saul (1 Sam 15:1-33) and David (30:1-20)
defeated the Amalekites, who were making raids into southern Pal. It
was natural that David should choose an Arab, Obil, to take care of his
camels and another Arab, Jaziz the Hagrite, to superintend his flocks (1 Chron 27:30).
In the 10th cent. b.c.
the S Arabian kingdom of Saba, Biblical Sheba, controlled the trade
between Arabia and the countries of the eastern Mediterranean. The
Sabean trading caravans carried not only the spices of Arabia but also
products of Africa and India. The capital of Sheba was Mar’ib.
Since
Pal. was a natural northern terminus for the Sabeans’ trade, Solomon
had important commercial relations with Arabia. From Eziongeber he sent
out fleets to Ophir, perhaps in S Arabia. These trading vessels returned
with gold, almug wood, and precious stones (1 Kings 9:26-28; 10:11). The Queen of Sheba (named Bilqīs in Arab tradition) visited Solomon (1 Kings 10:1-13),
not only to hear his wisdom, but also to trade. The spices, gold, and
precious stones which she brought on camels, were typical Sabean
merchandise. The text says that she “gave” these things to Solomon, but
she received things in return, and therefore it amounted to a commercial
transaction except in name. Assyrian sources refer to several Arabian
queens, who evidently occupied an important place in Arabian society.
Solomon received tribute in gold and silver from “the kings of Arabia” (2 Chron 9:14), prob. chiefs in the northwestern part of the peninsula.
5. During the kingdoms of Judah and Israel—Kedar.
An Arab king, Gindibu, provided a thousand warriors on camels to help
King Ahab of Israel and others in resisting the Assyrian invasion at the
battle of Qarqar in 854 b.c. This
battle, not mentioned in the Bible, is described in the annals of
Shalmaneser III of Assyria. Jehoshaphat, king of Judah (873-849 b.c.) like Solomon, had a fleet at Eziongeber for trade with Arabia (1 Kings 22:48). The same king received tribute from the Arabs, which was in the form of sheep and goats (2 Chron 17:11). According to the RSV tr. of 2 Chronicles 20:1,
Meunites, who some think were Minean Arabs, joined with the Moabites
and Ammonites in an unsuccessful expedition against Jehoshaphat. Arabs,
with Philistines and Ethiopians, attacked Jehoram, king of Judah
(849-842 b.c.), and carried away his treasures, his wives, and most of his children (21:16, 17). Uzziah, king of Judah (785-734 b.c.), defeated the Arabs of Gurbaal and the Meunites (26:7). Meunim in 1 Chronicles 4:41 RSV is another spelling of Meunites, but some tr. the word here as “dwellings” (cf. Jerusalem Bible, Anchor Bible).
Some of these Meunim were living in Trans-Jordan and were wiped out by
Simeonites in the reign of Hezekiah of Judah in the latter part of the
8th cent. b.c. At the same time other Simeonites went to Mount Seir (Edom) and killed and replaced Arab Amalekites living there (1 Chron 4:42, 43).
Conquests of N Arabian tribes by the Assyrians is implied in Isaiah 21:13-17.
Records of the Assyrian kings, Tiglath-pileser III, Sargon, and
Sennacherib, tell of their victories over the Arabs and tribute from
them.
During the period of the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah, Kedar was the dominant Arab tribe in N Arabia (21:16).
In the Assyrian records of this period “Arabs” and “Kedarites” are
interchangeable. The Kedarites made raids in Pal.-Syria, but
Asshurbanipal, king of Assyria (669-627), repulsed them. Jeremiah (49:28, 29) predicted that Nebuchadrezzar, king of Babylonia (605-562 b.c.), would subjugate Kedar, and recently discovered portions of the Babylonian Chronicle record this conquest of N Arabia.
6. Persian Period—Kedar, Mineans, Qataban, Hadramaut. According to Xenophon’s Cyropaedia, VII. 4. 16, Cyrus, king of Persia, subdued the Arabs, and there were Arab soldiers in Cyrus’s army which took Babylon in 539 b.c. (VII. 5. 13; cf. Dan 5:30, 31).
The Behistun inscr. of Darius I lists Arabia as one of the Pers.
provinces. Arabs furnished camel-riding troops for the expedition
against Greece organized by Xerxes I, the Ahashuerus of the Book of
Esther (Herodotus, VII. 86).
In the time of Nehemiah, Geshem the Arabian tried to prevent the Jews from rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem (Neh 2:19; 6:1, 2, 6).
At el-Ula, Biblical Dedan, deep in northern Arabia, an inscr. is dated
in Geshem’s time. An inscr. on a silver bowl from Tell el-Maskhūṭah,
near the northeastern border of Egypt, calls Geshem the king of Kedar, a
title implying suzerainty over northwestern Arabia.
During the
Pers. period the economic and political dominance of Saba (Biblical
Sheba) in S Arabia came to an end, and other kingdoms rose to power and
controlled the spice trade. About 400 b.c.
the Mineans, perhaps the Biblical Meunim, were dominant in S Arabia.
Their capital was Qarnaw, now called Ma’īn. Another kingdom in S Arabia
was Qataban, whose capital was Timna’. The kingdom of Hadramaut,
corresponding to Hazarmaveth in Genesis 10:26, extended along the southern coast of Arabia. Its capital was Shabwat, present-day Shabwah.
7. Fifth century B.C. to first century A.D.—Nabateans. The Nabateans were the dominant tribe in northwestern Arabia from the 4th cent. b.c. until the 1st cent. a.d.Obadiah 7 and Malachi 1:3, 4 prob. reflect the expulsion of the Edomites from Sela, later called Petra, by the Nabateans.
Arabs
helped in the defense of Gaza against Alexander (Arrian II. 25. 4).
Alexander went on to subdue Arabia, that is the NW portion (Livy XLV.
9). According to Polybius V. 71, Arabs helped Antiochus III to win Pal.
from the Ptolemies in 198 b.c. (cf. Dan 11:15, 16).
In the Apoc., Nabateans (1 Macc 5:25) and Arabs (5:39) are often synonymous. The Arabs sometimes sided with the Jews in their struggle for independence (9:35), but at other times with the Syrians (5:39; 2 Macc 12:31). The first known king of the Nabateans was Aretas I, who refused asylum to Jason the runaway Jewish high priest about 169 b.c. (5:8). In 145 b.c. an Arabian prince, Zabdiel, cut off the head of Alexander Balas, who had held the Seleucid throne for five years (11:17). Another Arab, Imalkue, brought up Alexander Balas’s son, Antiochus VI (11:39, 40).
The Nabateans frequently clashed with the later Maccabean rulers of the Jewish state. About 90 b.c.
the Nabatean king Obedas I defeated Alexander Janneus at Gadara in
Gilead when the latter was trying to conquer Arab territory (Jos. Antiq.
XIII. xiii. 5). Under Aretas III (87-62 b.c.)
the Nabatean kingdom reached its greatest extent. He forced Alexander
Janneus to give him Moab and Gilead (XIII. xiv. 2), took over Damascus
(XIII, xv, 2), and intervened in Jewish affairs, supporting Hyrcanus II
as the Jewish ruler against the latter’s brother, Aristobulus II (XIV,
i. 4; XIV. ii. 1-3). The Nabateans opposed the Rom. intervention in Pal.
under Pompey, and a Rom. general, Scaurus, blockaded Aretas in Petra
until he paid money to the Romans (XIV. v. 1). In 31 b.c. Herod the Great fought battles against the Arabs and finally defeated them (XV. v.).
During much of NT times Aretas IV (9 b.c.-a.d. 40) was the Nabatean king. Herod Antipas married the daughter of this Aretas, but divorced her to marry Herodias (XVIII. v. 1; Matt 14:3).
Because of this and a disputed boundary between their dominions in the
country of Gamalitis, Aretas attacked and defeated Herod Antipas. The
Arabians who heard Peter at Pentecost (Acts 2:11),
were prob. Jews from Nabatean areas, SE of Pal. The governor of
Damascus under Aretas set guards at the city gates to seize Paul, prob.
at the request of Jewish leaders, but the apostle escaped over the city
wall (2 Cor. 11:32, 33).
During the second half of the 1st cent. a.d.,
the Romans gradually took over the areas that had been controlled by
the Nabateans. The Romans forced Malichus II, the Nabatean king (a.d.
40-70), to give up control of Damascus. Malichus also was obliged to
contribute Arab soldiers to help the Romans in suppressing the Jewish
revolt in a.d. 67 (Jos. War III. vii. 9).
C. Arab culture and the Bible. The Arabs speak Sem. languages, as indicated by their descent from Shem (Gen 10:25-30).
The angular S Arab. script developed from the Sinaitic alphabet, and
the earliest datable Sabean inscr. comes from the 8th cent. b.c. From S Arab. the following scripts developed: Lihyanic, beginning in the 7th cent. b.c.; Thamudic, beginning in the 5th cent. b.c.; and Safaitic, beginning about a.d. 100. The Nabatean script was derived from Aram. and led to the N Arab. writing which prevails today.
Genesis 16:12
predicts that Ishmael will be “a wild ass of a man.” The wild ass
wandered in the Syrian desert, as did the Arab Ishmaelites, “over
against,” or E of, their Aram. and Heb. kinsmen. Ishmael’s “hand” will
be “against every man,” perhaps referring to the many raids of the Arabs
on the fertile lands bordering the Syrian desert.
Among the
cultural features of the Arabs mentioned in the Bible is that they lived
in “the wilderness,” the semi-desert plateau of NW Arabia (Jer 3:2). Their homes were tents (Ps 83:6; 120:5; Jer 49:29). They used camels for riding and carrying baggage (Gen 37:25). From S Arabia their merchant caravans brought spices, gold, and precious stones (1 Kings 10:2); they sold sheep and goats from N Arabia to the Phoenicians (Ezek 27:20-22); they transferred products of Africa and India to Mediterranean lands (1 Kings 10:22); and they also dealt in slaves (Joel 3:8). Jeremiah (25:23; 49:32),
like Herodotus (III. 8), mentions that they cut the corners of their
hair, leaving a tuft on top as Bedouins do today. The Midianites wore
gold earrings (Judg 8:24), like some Bedouins today, and hung crescents on the necks of their camels (v. 21). The crescent always has been popular in Arab. art and has become the symbol of Islam.
The Arabs, called “the people of the E” in 1 Kings 4:30,
were famous for their wisdom. The wise sayings of Agur and of Lemuel,
two kings of Massa in N Arabia, are preserved in the last two chs. of
Proverbs. The homes of Job and his friends and most of the animals
mentioned in that wisdom book are located in NW Arabia. The sons of
Hagar, that is the Ishmaelites, are called “seekers of wisdom” in Baruch 3:23.
Recent
excavations have uncovered impressive monuments illustrating the
material culture of S Arabia. Noteworthy are the great temple of the
Sabean moon-god Ilumquh at Marib, large dams and canals for irrigation,
statues in stone and bronze and jewelry. On the stone monuments of S
Arabia are carved thousands of memorial, historical, and religious
inscrs.
The Nabateans carved spectacular tombs and temples in
Greco-Rom. style from the colored sandstone at Petra. Some of their
pottery was remarkably thin and beautifully painted. Their inscrs. are
found on rocks in many parts of NW Arabia.
D. Ancient Arab religion. The general Arabian word for god was il (like Heb. El) or ilah (like Heb. Eloah),
but the ancient Arabians were polytheists. One of their most important
deities was the moon-god called Ilumquh by the Sabeans, Wadd by the
Mineans, ’Amm by the Qatabanians and Sin by the Hadramautians. The
moon-god’s consort was the sungoddess Shamsi, and their son was ’Athtar,
the morning star. The gods of Adumatu (Biblical Dumah) in the 7th cent.
b.c. as noted by the Assyrians were:
Atarsamaim, Dai, Nuhai, Ruldaiu, Abrillu, and Atarquruma. Atarsamaim is
perhaps the same Arabian goddess called Alilat (“the goddess”) by
Herodotus (I. 131), and hanilat (also meaning “the goddess”) in a 5th cent. Kedarite inscr. According to the Babylonian Talmud (Taanith,
5b), the Kedarites also worshiped water. This may refer to the
veneration of sacred wells, such as Zamzam at Mecca. Deities of the
Nabateans included: Dushara, the supreme god; Allat, the mother goddess;
Hadad, the storm-god; Atargatis, the fish-goddess; and Gad, the god of
luck. Gods in Safaitic inscrs. include: Dushara, Allāt, Gad-’Awidh, and
Ba’alsamīn. Pagan Arab gods mentioned in the Qur’ān are: al-Lāt,
al-’Uzza, and Manāh, considered as three daughters of Allah, the supreme
god (53:19, 20), Wadd, Suwā', Yaghūth, Ya’ūq, and Nasr (71:23). Arabians fear demons called jinn (Qur’ān 72).
Some
of the religious practices of the ancient Arabians were similar to
those of the Hebrews. Both people practiced circumcision and pilgrimage.
The Arab priest (kāhin), like the Heb. kōhēn, not only
performed sacrifices, but also used the sacred lots (cf. Heb. Urim and
Thummim) to learn the divine will and the future. Some think that the lw’ who served in the temple at Dedan is related in name and function to the Biblical Levite. The Arabian mslm sacrifice is from the same root as the Heb. šlm, “peace offering.” The Arabian incense used in worship included several spices, like the sacred incense of Exodus 30:34. A pillar before the temple at Sirwah was called knt, “firmness,” like the pillar called Jachin, “it is firm,” before Solomon’s Temple (1 Kings 7:21).
Bibliography D. H. Müller, “Arabia,” Pauly’s Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, N.B., III (1895), cols. 244-259; al-Tabari, Ta’rīkh al-rusul w-al-mulūk (1879-1901); J. A. Montgomery, Arabia and the Bible (1934); G. Caton-Thompson, The Tombs and Moon Temple of Hureidha (Hadhramaut)
(1944); W. F. Albright, “The Chronology of Ancient South Arabia in the
Light of Excavation in Qataban,” BASOR, 119 (1950), 5-15; G. Ryckmans, Les religions arabes préislamiques (1951); G. W. Van Beek, “Recovering the Ancient Civilization of Arabia,” BA, XV (1952), 2-18; W. F. Albright, “Dedan,” Beiträge sur historischen Theologie, XVI (1953), 1-12; Jawad ’Ali, Ta’rīkh al-’arab qabl al-islām, I-III (1950-1953); C. Rathgens, Sabeica I (1953); O. Eissfeldt, “Das Alte Testament im Lichte der Safatenischen Inschriften,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft,
CIV (1954), 88-118; F. M. Cross, “Geshem the Arabian,” BA, XVIII
(1955), 46, 47; A. L. Oppenheim, “Babylonian and Assyrian Historical
Texts,” ANET (1955), 263-317; W. Phillips, Qataban and Sheba
(1955); J. Starcky, “The Nabataeans: A Historical Sketch,” BA, XVIII
(1955), 84-106; G. Ryckmans, “L’Arabie antique et la Bible,” L’Ancien Testament et l’orient (1957), 89-109; R. L. Bowen, F. P. Albright, Archaeological Discoveries in South Arabia, II (1958); S. Moscati, Ancient Semitic Civilizations (1960), 181-219; J. Pirenne, Le royaume sud-arabe de Qataban et sa datation (1961); G. W. Van Beek, “South Arabian History and Archaeology,” The Bible and the Ancient Near East (1961), 229-248; A. Jamme, Sabaean Inscriptions from Mahram Bilqīs (Mārib) (1962); R. L. Cleveland, An Ancient Arabian Necropolis, Objects from the Second Campaign (1951) in the Timna’ Cemetery (1965); N. Glueck, Deities and Dolphins: The Story of the Nabataeans (1965); B. Abd al-Malik, J. A. Thompson, “Arabia,” The Biblical World (1966), 45-50; R. deVaux, “Sur l’origine kénite ou madianite du Yahvisme,” Eretz-Israel, IX (1969), 28-32; P. K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th ed. (1970).
My name is Khalid Baheyeldin, and I am originally from Alexandria, Egypt, now living in Ontario, Canada.
With more than two decades of experience in the Information Technology field, I am the co-founder and Managing Partner of 2bits.com, Inc, which specializes in Drupal web content management consulting, including installation, development and customization. As a permanent member of the Drupal Association, I was on the General Assembly which elects the board of directors, and later on the Advisory Board.
On occasions, I am in the top 2 or top 10 contributors to Drupal.
You can read my resume online.
My personal photos page show how I looked over the years, or a more recent photo album, check my extended family. You can read about what the name Khalid means. You may also be curious to know my view on being a pharmacist, and how I got into computers and Information Technology?
If you are Egyptian, you may find the following articles interesting: ملوخية Molokheya, بطارخ batarekh, فسيخ و ملوحة Feseekh and Melouha and vanishing ways of cooking in Egypt.
If you are a Sci-Fi fan, you may find the article on Arabic and Islamic themes in Frank Herbert's Dune of interest.
On the technology and software side, I have been using UNIX since 1987, and to this day, I love Linux and use it to power my home network, which keeps growing (6 computers last I checked!). There is a section with a collection of articles on Linux. No wonder I am a command line fan.
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Check the menu on the left for some writings, interests, hobbies, including astronomy, photomicroscopy and snorkeling, as well as places I have lived in or visited, such as Alexandria, Egypt, Canada, Saudi Arabia, or Paris, France.
You can read about various topics, such as my antique collection, desert fossils from Egypt, hare hunting in the Egyptian desert, the variety of Egyptian cuisine, and the wealth of Egyptian jokes and humor, and a lot more.
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One highly tenuous theory, is by Professor Kamal Salibi's of American University in Beirut. In his 1985 book Bible Came from Arabia, he compares place names in the Bible with names in Arabia today, and concludes that Palestine had absolutely no historical Hebrew presence, and rather South West Arabia is what the Bible refers to as Israel! Moreover, Moses and Pharaoh were not in Egypt, but rather in Yemen! Egypt in the Bible is not today's Egypt, ...etc.
Summary of the theory References to this theory Asir is the promised land Summary of Salibi's views (in Arabic) Discussion of Salibi's theory
To bring both sides of the argument to the table, I have to mention that I received an email on April 2005 from Dr. Bernard Leeman stating the following:
I have just published "Queen of Sheba and Biblical Scholarship" (AWP, New Jersey) which concludes that Kamal Salibi's hypothesis is correct - that ancient Israel and Judah until 722 and 586 BCE were indeed in Western Arabia. Chaim Rabin's work (1951) (which Salibi didn't consult) on Ancient West Arabian concludes that there is too much Hebrew in certain South West Arabian dialects to be coincidental (in the same area that Salibi locates the Old Testament) . Also the map references, ancient legal code and other items in the Sheba-Melelik cycle of the Ethiopic (Ge'ez) Kebra Nagast support Salibi. Roger Schneider's discovery of Sabaean inscriptions near Mekele in Ethiopia not only confirms the presence there of Hebrews ca 800 BCE but also the narrative of the Kebra Nagast.
There is a lot more evidence, and Salibi should be taken very seriously, even though it means a major reassessment of faith-based history.
I emailed Dr. Leeman twice that I would be willing to publish a one page summary of his book on this site. I have not yet heard from him.
Al- Hijaz, Homeland of Abraham and the Israeli prophets
Submitted by Tariq (not verified) on Thu, 2006/06/29 - 08:27
A paper titled "Al- Hijaz, Homeland of Abraham and the Israeli prophets" was delivered at THE SECOND WORLD CONGRESS FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES held at Amman on June 2006. I found it very interesting. The following is the abstract and, the paper itself was Emailed to me upon request on this Email address : tajdeed@tajdeed.org
Al- Hijaz, Homeland of Abraham and the Israeli prophets An Arab’s geographical map for Abraham journey based on Arabia’s historical accounts
T. Ahmed, Ammar Rajab Al-Tajdeed Cultural and Social Society Kingdom of Bahrain June 2006
WWW.Tajdeed.org
Note: This paper represents a condensed version of a comprehensive research work published by Al-Tajdeed Society in a 550 page Arabic written book, titled "Neda Al Surat". The book is readily available for download from the society site. Most of the Arabic originating references quoted in this paper are currently unavailable in English language, consequently these references are cited here in their respective original Arabic text.
Abstract: By the end of the last century, new stunning hypothesis emerged amongst theologians and historians advocating that the prevailing publicly held understanding of the Israeli prophets geographical homelands and their journey routes were radically erroneous. The new hypothesis suggests that Asir province was indeed the actual geographical theater which accommodated most of the Israeli prophets’ birthplaces, revelations, preaching, and burials. Asir which is situated in the southern portion of the Al-Surat mountains stretching alongside the western border of Arabia, bounded between Yemen and the holy city of Makkah (Mecca), also was the homeland of Abraham, Lot, Sara, Hagar and Ishmael as concluded in this paper. This hypothesis in totality was generate following inconceivable inconsistency in the overall biblical accounts of the geographical landscapes traversed by the prophets together with the lack of any archeological evidences to date in Palestine, Syria, Iraq or Egypt which could support the biblical accounts. Interestingly enough, all the subject researchers who concluded that Arabia was the actual homeland of the Israeli prophets arrived at their findings via different research and analytical methodologies. This paper however, was raised to address the absence of major elements needed to complete the already on going research work. These elements are:
1) None of the presented research work conducted an in-depth analytical study of the Arabic historical literatures to investigate and explore the validity of the notion that the Israeli prophets were actually Arabic people who lived in the southern west highlands of Arabia. 2) None had explained when and how the real prophets whereabouts had been shifted from the real geographical locations in Arabia and had them moved further north and systematically projected them over another vast Arabian land stretching from the River Euphrates in Iraq all the way to the River Nile in Egypt. 3) No research so far has ascertained the party which caused the prevailing illusion masking the real whereabouts of the Arabic Israeli prophets, and what were their motives.
In addition to addressing all of the above elements, this paper concludes that Arabic historical literatures indeed do contain substantial evidences supporting the new hypothesis. In addition, it presents a draft of a new geographical map illustrating Abrahams' journey based on the ancient Arabic accounts of the issue as an alternative to the controversial wide-reaching biblical geographical map printed on the back cover of the contemporary published bibles.
Submitted by Luciano (not verified) on Sat, 2006/08/26 - 08:21
The entire land of Arabia should be opened to explorers in order to enter Arabia in history. Arabia is not the desert arid land of desolate landscape. It is the witness to the long lost paradise or Arabia Felix. The proofs are on the ground ready to be read with the modern cartography and satellite technology. Not only the names of places are clues but also the local dialects and oral tradition that shall be highlighted and put on the table. By all means Arabia represents the dark background of the Old Testament including Nejd and Hidjaz, Asir and Yemen. The way of pronouncing the various names of places and the use of the aplphabet variations could lead to uncover hundreds of secrets in the interpretation of the Old Testament. These names are closely related to the major biblical stories and mainly the legendary Abraham stories. The major obstacle in this regard is the Modern Hebrew pronunciation of the Old testament. The key example of this obstacle is the deformation of the name of Lebanon that should be pronounced like the Lebanese people pronounce it: Lubnan. Thousands of examples are there to discredit the Modern Hebrew tongue in the interpretation of the Old Scriptures. If the Old testament is the base of historical events, then Arabia is the bedrock of history and Abraham is the father of this history. Abraham established History in his moves and migration from Nejd to Hidjaz. The city of Ryadh is founded on the remains of the ancient city of Hagar, once a rich agricultural capital. That is where Hagar found her famous "well" Al-Hayir, next to Shulaym the actual city of Al-Kharj. This is the start. Then Abraham moved to Hidjaz around the Mecca Area (Mukah In the Old Testament). I would appreciate if you could allow me to continue. Thank you.
Submitted by Noureddine of F... (not verified) on Sat, 2006/09/23 - 20:14
In Fact I am not replying, I am continuing... The biblical description of Jerusalem is not about a City. There has been confusion between the City of david and the Kingdom of his son Sulayman which is not a city at all. It is the combination of two regions: the Yeru and the Shulaym. Even the yeru can be retracted to Yer or Yar. The Hayir fountains south of Riyadh in association with the name of Hagar the old city lead us to the Hagar legend, with her son Ismael (with an "S"). The term hayir itself means the "hesitate", the "indecisive" as Hagar used to go back and forth between the Safat (the rocky land) and the Marwah (the soft land) until God gave ger the famous well that she called: Bir Lahy Ru'y. Bir in Arabic is the well. And Lahy Ru'y has always been interpreted as the "life"and the "vision" because "she saw in her dream a promise from God to send her deliverence for life". I do not see any plausible relationship between the "Life and Vision" and the well. It is a well and should be read in Arabic. Al-Hayir is the right term to signify something. Associate Hayir with Shulaym and you get "hayarushalayim" as the modern non-Arabic-speaking scholars want it to be. Shulaym is the famous city of today's Kharj, 50 miles south of Riyadh. The entire area was a prosperous fertile agricultural area that stood at the crossroads of the incense trail from Yemen to Babylon. Al-Kharj has also its own underground water sources and a historical tunnel connecting to the outskirts of the city. Further south-east you will also find Hardh and Arad with an extinct volcanoe. Look at the farm land in this area. Just leave Palestine alone and read Arabia. Respectully, Noureddine.
Submitted by Noureddine of F... (not verified) on Sat, 2006/10/07 - 09:54
In continuation of this article, the story of the siege of "Jerusalem" includes the name of Joachin who ordered the digging of an underground tunnel to reach the water sources behind the enemy lines (Nabu Khudurru). The underground water tunned is in the outskirts of Al-Kharj which is Shulaym, and Al-Juaithin is a famous tribe still living in the area along with Jelowee (Ha-Levi). All these discoveries may seem to be approximations but do not forget the story of the renegade Musaylamah "The Liar" in the early islamic history recalls the name of the area inside al Kharj City Thulaymah where the famous battle took place under the leadership of Khalid Bin Al Waleed, and where Sulaymah was decapitated. Also Abraham emigrated to another region westward to Meccah where he built an altar to the Supreme God Allah. The Islamic Tradition does not contradict the Torah in its description of events. There Arabraham purchased a cavern from Mamrah the Hittite(Compare with the mosque of Namrah a mysterious figure honored by Prophet Muhammad) to bury his wife Sarah in the caverns of Mikvilah (Compare with the Misfilah quarter in Meccah). Then he headed south towards the road of Shor (Compare with the mount of Thawr south of Meccah). All of these events show that Abraham whoever he was in History never put a footstep in Palestine nor did he go to Northern Syria through Houran. The shrines honoring Abraham in Palestine are the traces of migrations from Meccah towards the North. People brought with them their traditions and the names of their initial deities to their new settlements in Palestine. They were Arabians.
Submitted by Noureddine of F... (not verified) on Sat, 2006/10/14 - 11:27
The map of Mecca is amazing: Several names of places mentioned in the Torah are all gathered in one place, Mecca area: The altar of Abraham, the Safat, The Moriah (Pronounced Marwah), the mount Shor (Thawr), Mambra (the mosque of Namrah), Machvilah (The Misfilah Quarter), and in general the Abraham doctrine. One thing is forgotten by historians is the Black Stone. Another major element of the Abraham legend is the Kaabah itself and next to it the Altar of Ismael, then the Jabal Arafat. The story tells that Abraham took his son (Which one?)to the mount of Moriah where God sent his ultimate mercy upon the boy with a sheep to slaughtered instead of the boy. The term mercy in Arabic is Ra'fat and the mount Arafat is also refrred to with Mount (Har)-Ra'fat. Incontestably the mount Arafat is the mount of mercy where Abraham wanted to sacrify his son. While the Black stone has never been researched by historians by fears of relating the story to the people of Israel: The story of Jacob when he tells that he slept on a (mysterious)stone and saw angels coming down from heavens on a ladder. Generations after Jacob veneratoed the stone and kept it in their custody until the people of Israel left the area and disappeared from the Mecca landscape. Arabs until the coming of Islam still venerated the stone and the Prophet made a stunning social victory by suggesting to resolve a huge quarrel beteen the tribes who were fighting to carry the stone inside the Kaabah. This is how the stone enterd the islamic history. For sure the stories of the Torah happened in Arabia but the disappearance of the people of Israel remains a mystery. But for sure the name of Itzhac means the God of Laughs. The tradition has created a verb in Arabic related to the Sacrifice: Ad'ha, and Dah'ha which means sacrify at dawn. A verb is born from the name Is-hac.
Submitted by Saleh (not verified) on Wed, 2013/08/28 - 22:03
SALAM,
1. No where in the Holy Quran that says Arafa, Safa & Marwa are mountains. Its obvious that its a location. 2. No where in the Holy Quran that say about Masjid Namira? 3. If the holy land is in the present Mecca, than why it takes Prophet Sulaiman the whole morning which is equivalent to a month journey to the Holy land? The verses 21:81 confirms that the wind brought Prophet Sulaiman to the Holy Land and verse 34:12, which is the continuation of 21:81, it takes the Prophet the whole morning [if the wind fly him, approx 725 kph] and it takes him one month journey if he takes a camel on land route,[camel travel approx 75 km per day]. With this calculation, the camel route will take him in one month a distance of 2250 km, which is exactly a month journey to the Levant from Yaman, where it takes only 3.5 to 4 hrs by air.
https://ia903001.us.archive.org/26/items/AlHijazHomelandOfAbraham/Al_Hijaz_Homeland_of_Abraham.pdf Al- Hijaz, Homeland of Abraham and the Israeli prophets An Arab’s geographical map for Abraham's journey based on Arabia historical accounts Tarik Ahmed, Ammar Rajab Al-Tajdeed Cultural and Social Society Kingdom of Bahrain June 2006 WWW.Tajdeed.org Second edition- July 2006
Dr.Nur said...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7QN3fg3NZU
http://www.tajdeed.org/attachments/Al_Hijaz_Homeland_of_Abraham.pdf